Longitudinal neuroimaging studies offer valuable insight into brain development, ageing, and disease progression over time. However, prevailing analytical approaches rooted in our understanding of population variation are primarily tailored for cross-sectional studies. To fully leverage the potential of longitudinal neuroimaging, we need methodologies that account for the complex interplay between population variation and individual dynamics. We extend the normative modelling framework, which evaluates an individual's position relative to population standards, to assess an individual's longitudinal change compared to the population's standard dynamics. Using normative models pre-trained on over 58,000 individuals, we introduce a quantitative metric termed 'z-diff' score, which quantifies a temporal change in individuals compared to a population standard. This approach offers advantages in flexibility in dataset size and ease of implementation. We applied this framework to a longitudinal dataset of 98 patients with early-stage schizophrenia who underwent MRI examinations shortly after diagnosis and 1 year later. Compared to cross-sectional analyses, showing global thinning of grey matter at the first visit, our method revealed a significant normalisation of grey matter thickness in the frontal lobe over time-an effect undetected by traditional longitudinal methods. Overall, our framework presents a flexible and effective methodology for analysing longitudinal neuroimaging data, providing insights into the progression of a disease that would otherwise be missed when using more traditional approaches.

• Klíčová slova
• MRI, human, neuroimaging, neuroscience, normative modelling, psychosis, schizophrenia,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• neurozobrazování * metody   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• schizofrenie * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• šedá hmota diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Existing research indicates that the shape of various facial regions is linked to perceived attractiveness and perceived formidability. Interestingly, little evidence shows that people directly focus on these specific facial regions during judgments of attractiveness and formidability, and there is little support for the notion that the levels of attractiveness and formidability affect raters' visual attention. We employed eye-tracking to examine visual attention (the number of fixations and dwell time) in 40 women and 37 men, while they assessed 45 male faces in life-sized photographs for attractiveness and formidability. The facial photographs were grouped by varying levels of attractiveness and formidability (low, medium, and high). Our results showed that regardless of the characteristics rated, both men and women paid the most visual attention to the eyes, nose, mouth, and forehead regions. We found statistically discernible variation in visual attention in relation to the rater's sex or target's attractiveness levels for other facial features (the chin, cheeks, or ears), but these differences may not be substantial enough to have practical implications. We suggest that the eyes, the nose, and the mouth regions play a central role in the evolution of face perception as regions most salient to the acquisition of informative cues about others. Further, during both attractiveness and formidability judgments, men looked longer at the stimuli than women did, which may hint at increased difficulty of this task for men, possibly because they compare themselves with the stimuli. Additionally, irrespective of sex, raters looked marginally longer at faces with a medium level of formidability than at those with a high formidability level, which may reflect ambiguity of these stimuli and uncertainty regarding assessment. We found no other significantly relationships between the target's attractiveness and formidability levels and the rater's visual attention to whole faces.

• Klíčová slova
• Attractiveness, Eye-tracking, Formidability, Intersexual selection, Intrasexual selection,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kompetitivní chování * MeSH
• krása * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej * MeSH
• pozornost * fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznání obličeje * MeSH
• technologie sledování pohybu očí MeSH
• výběrové chování * MeSH
• zraková percepce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Lateral ventricular enlargement represents a canonical morphometric finding in chronic patients with schizophrenia; however, longitudinal studies elucidating complex dynamic trajectories of ventricular volume change during critical early disease stages are sparse. METHODS: We measured lateral ventricular volumes in 113 first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES) at baseline visit (11.7 months after illness onset, SD = 12.3) and 128 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) using 3T MRI. MRI was then repeated in both FES and HC one year later. RESULTS: Compared to controls, ventricular enlargement was identified in 18.6% of patients with FES (14.1% annual ventricular volume (VV) increase; 95%CI: 5.4; 33.1). The ventricular expansion correlated with the severity of PANSS-negative symptoms at one-year follow-up (p = 0.0078). Nevertheless, 16.8% of FES showed an opposite pattern of statistically significant ventricular shrinkage during ≈ one-year follow-up (-9.5% annual VV decrease; 95%CI: -23.7; -2.4). There were no differences in sex, illness duration, age of onset, duration of untreated psychosis, body mass index, the incidence of Schneiderian symptoms, or cumulative antipsychotic dose among the patient groups exhibiting ventricular enlargement, shrinkage, or no change in VV. CONCLUSION: Both enlargement and ventricular shrinkage are equally present in the early stages of schizophrenia. The newly discovered early reduction of VV in a subgroup of patients emphasizes the need for further research to understand its mechanisms.

• Klíčová slova
• First-episode schizophrenia, Longitudinal design, MRI, Negative symptoms, Ventricular volumes,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozkové komory diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• schizofrenie * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• ventriculi laterales diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to, firstly, identify characteristics at first-episode of psychosis that are associated with later antipsychotic treatment resistance (TR) and, secondly, to develop a parsimonious prediction model for TR. METHODS: We combined data from ten prospective, first-episode psychosis cohorts from across Europe and categorised patients as TR or non-treatment resistant (NTR) after a mean follow up of 4.18 years (s.d. = 3.20) for secondary data analysis. We identified a list of potential predictors from clinical and demographic data recorded at first-episode. These potential predictors were entered in two models: a multivariable logistic regression to identify which were independently associated with TR and a penalised logistic regression, which performed variable selection, to produce a parsimonious prediction model. This model was internally validated using a 5-fold, 50-repeat cross-validation optimism-correction. RESULTS: Our sample consisted of N = 2216 participants of which 385 (17 %) developed TR. Younger age of psychosis onset and fewer years in education were independently associated with increased odds of developing TR. The prediction model selected 7 out of 17 variables that, when combined, could quantify the risk of being TR better than chance. These included age of onset, years in education, gender, BMI, relationship status, alcohol use, and positive symptoms. The optimism-corrected area under the curve was 0.59 (accuracy = 64 %, sensitivity = 48 %, and specificity = 76 %). IMPLICATIONS: Our findings show that treatment resistance can be predicted, at first-episode of psychosis. Pending a model update and external validation, we demonstrate the potential value of prediction models for TR.

• Klíčová slova
• First episode psychosis, Machine learning, Prediction modelling, Prospective longitudinal cohort, Stratification, Treatment resistant schizophrenia,
• MeSH
• antipsychotika * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• psychotické poruchy * diagnóza   MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antipsychotika * MeSH

Background: Schizophrenia is often characterized by a general disruption of self-processing and self-demarcation. Previous studies have shown that self-monitoring and sense of agency (SoA, i.e., the ability to recognize one's own actions correctly) are altered in schizophrenia patients. However, research findings are inconclusive in regards to how SoA alterations are linked to clinical symptoms and their severity, or cognitive factors. Methods: In a longitudinal study, we examined 161 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 154 controls with a continuous-report SoA task and a control task testing general cognitive/sensorimotor processes. Clinical symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: In comparison to controls, patients performed worse in terms of recognition of self-produced movements even when controlling for confounding factors. Patients' SoA score correlated with the severity of PANSS-derived "Disorganized" symptoms and with a priori defined symptoms related to self-disturbances. In the follow-up, the changes in the two subscales were significantly associated with the change in SoA performance. Conclusion: We corroborated previous findings of altered SoA already in the early stage of schizophrenia. Decreased ability to recognize self-produced actions was associated with the severity of symptoms in two complementary domains: self-disturbances and disorganization. While the involvement of the former might indicate impairment in self-monitoring, the latter suggests the role of higher cognitive processes such as information updating or cognitive flexibility. The SoA alterations in schizophrenia are associated, at least partially, with the intensity of respective symptoms in a state-dependent manner.

• Klíčová slova
• follow-up, positive and negative symptoms, schizophrenia, self-disturbances, sense of agency,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Neurostructural alterations are often reported in first episode of psychosis (FEP), but there is heterogeneity in the direction and location of findings between individual studies. The reasons for this heterogeneity remain unknown. Obesity is disproportionately frequent already early in the course of psychosis and is associated with smaller brain volumes. Thus, we hypothesized that obesity may contribute to brain changes in FEP. METHOD: We analyzed MRI scans from 120 participants with FEP and 114 healthy participants. In primary analyses, we performed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) with small volume corrections to regions associated with FEP or obesity in previous meta-analyses. In secondary analyses, we performed whole-brain VBM analyses. RESULTS: In primary analyses, we found that when controlling for BMI, FEP had lower GM volume than healthy participants in a) left fronto-temporal region (pTFCE = 0.008) and b) left postcentral gyrus (pTFCE = 0.043). When controlling for FEP, BMI was associated with lower GM volume in left cerebellum (pTFCE < 0.001). In secondary analyses, we found that when controlling for BMI, FEP had lower GM volume than healthy participants in the a) cerebellum (pTFCE = 0.004), b) left frontal (pTFCE = 0.024), and c) right temporal cortex (pTFCE = 0.031). When controlling for FEP, BMI was associated with lower GM volume in cerebellum (pTFCE = 0.004). Levels of C-reactive protein, HDL and LDL-cholesterol correlated with obesity related neurostructural alterations. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that higher BMI, which is frequent in FEP, may contribute to cerebellar alterations in schizophrenia. As previous studies showed that obesity-related brain alterations may be reversible, our findings raise the possibility that improving the screening for and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic changes could preserve brain structure in FEP.

• Klíčová slova
• dyslipidemia, first-episode psychosis, low-grade inflammation, obesity, schizophrenia, voxel-based morphometry,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH