Pathogens from the Trichophyton benhamiae complex are one of the most important causes of animal mycoses with significant zoonotic potential. In light of the recently revised taxonomy of this complex, we retrospectively identified 38 Trichophyton isolates that could not be resolved into any of the existing species. These strains were isolated from Iranian and Czech patients during molecular epidemiological surveys on dermatophytosis and were predominantly associated with highly inflammatory tinea corporis cases, suggesting possible zoonotic etiology. Subsequent phylogenetic (4 markers), population genetic (10 markers), and phenotypic analyses supported recognition of two novel species. The first species, Trichophyton persicum sp. nov., was identified in 36 cases of human dermatophytosis and one case of feline dermatophytosis, mainly in Southern and Western Iran. The second species, Trichophyton spiraliforme sp. nov., is only known from a single case of tinea corporis in a Czech patient who probably contracted the infection from a dog. Although the zoonotic sources of infections summarized in this study are very likely, little is known about the host spectrum of these pathogens. Awareness of these new pathogens among clinicians should refine our knowledge about their poorly explored geographic distribution. IMPORTANCE In this study, we describe two novel agents of dermatophytosis and summarize the clinical manifestation of infections. These new pathogens were discovered thanks to long-term molecular epidemiological studies conducted in Czechia and Iran. Zoonotic origins of the human infections are highly probable, but the animal hosts of these pathogens are poorly known. Further research is needed to refine our knowledge about these new dermatophytes.

• Klíčová slova
• Trichophyton benhamiae complex, dermatophytosis, molecular epidemiology, multigene phylogeny, skin mycoses, zoonotic infections, zoophilic dermatophytes,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nemoci koček mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• nemoci psů mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• nemoci skotu mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• psi MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• skot MeSH
• tinea epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• Trichophyton klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zoonózy mikrobiologie   přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• psi MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Írán epidemiologie   MeSH

The rising number of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) admitted every year to wildlife rehabilitation centres might be a source of concern to animal and public health since transmissible diseases, such as dermatophytosis, can be easily disseminated. This study seeks to evaluate the frequency of dermatophyte detection in hedgehogs admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation centre located near Paris, France, and to assess the risk of contamination in the centre in order to adapt prevention measures. A longitudinal cohort study was performed on 412 hedgehogs hosted at the Wildlife Animal Hospital of the Veterinary College of Alfort from January to December 2016. Animals were sampled once a month for fungal culture. Dermatophyte colonies were obtained from 174 out of 686 skin samples (25.4%). Besides Trichophyton erinacei, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Nannizzia gypsea were also found. Dermatophyte detection seemed to be associated with the presence of skin lesions, while more than one-third of T. erinacei-positive animals were asymptomatic carriers. Healing required several months of treatment with topical and systemic azoles, but dermatophytosis did not seem to reduce the probability of release. Daily disinfection procedures and early detection and treatment of infected and asymptomatic carriers succeeded in limiting dermatophyte transmission between hedgehogs and humans.

• Klíčová slova
• Trichophyton, dermatophyte, dermatophytosis, hedgehog, rescue centre,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Colletotrichum species are known as important pathogens of plants with an impact on crop production. Some of these species are also known as a cause of rare ophthalmic infections in humans. A case of keratitis caused by Colletotrichum dematium after corneal trauma in a 56-year-old woman is presented. Infection was diagnosed based on positive microscopy and culture. The fungal isolate was identified by morphological characteristics and DNA sequencing of the ITS rDNA region, β-tubulin (tub2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) genes. The patient responded well to topical therapy with amphotericin B combined with intravenous amphotericin B but improvement was associated with the corneal collagen cross-linking. The review of the literature revealed another 13 cases of C. dematium keratitis, all but one patient having at least one keratitis risk factor in their history. Almost all patients (n = 12) were treated with topical polyene antibiotics (natamycin or amphotericin B), improvement and cure were achieved in eight of them.

• Klíčová slova
• Coelomycetous fungi, Colletotrichum dematium, Corneal collagen cross-linking, Glomerella, Keratomycosis, Molecular identification, Therapy,
• MeSH
• amfotericin B aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• aplikace lokální MeSH
• Colletotrichum klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glyceraldehyd-3-fosfátdehydrogenasa (fosforylační) genetika   MeSH
• keratitida diagnóza   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiologické techniky MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mykózy diagnóza   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• poranění oka komplikace   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• tubulin genetika   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amfotericin B MeSH
• antifungální látky MeSH
• glyceraldehyd-3-fosfátdehydrogenasa (fosforylační) MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA MeSH
• tubulin MeSH

Although Aspergillus fumigatus is the major agent of invasive aspergillosis, an increasing number of infections are caused by its cryptic species, especially A. lentulus and the A. viridinutans species complex (AVSC). Their identification is clinically relevant because of antifungal drug resistance and refractory infections. Species boundaries in the AVSC are unresolved since most species have uniform morphology and produce interspecific hybrids in vitro. Clinical and environmental strains from six continents (n = 110) were characterized by DNA sequencing of four to six loci. Biological compatibilities were tested within and between major phylogenetic clades, and ascospore morphology was characterised. Species delimitation methods based on the multispecies coalescent model (MSC) supported recognition of ten species including one new species. Four species are confirmed opportunistic pathogens; A. udagawae followed by A. felis and A. pseudoviridinutans are known from opportunistic human infections, while A. felis followed by A. udagawae and A. wyomingensis are agents of feline sino-orbital aspergillosis. Recently described human-pathogenic species A. parafelis and A. pseudofelis are synonymized with A. felis and an epitype is designated for A. udagawae. Intraspecific mating assay showed that only a few of the heterothallic species can readily generate sexual morphs in vitro. Interspecific mating assays revealed that five different species combinations were biologically compatible. Hybrid ascospores had atypical surface ornamentation and significantly different dimensions compared to parental species. This suggests that species limits in the AVSC are maintained by both pre- and post-zygotic barriers and these species display a great potential for rapid adaptation and modulation of virulence. This study highlights that a sufficient number of strains representing genetic diversity within a species is essential for meaningful species boundaries delimitation in cryptic species complexes. MSC-based delimitation methods are robust and suitable tools for evaluation of boundaries between these species.

• Klíčová slova
• Aspergillus felis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Neosartorya udagawae, invasive aspergillosis, mating-type genes, multispecies coalescence model, scanning electron microscopy, soil fungi,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cryptic species of Aspergillus fumigatus, including the Aspergillus viridinutans species complex, are increasingly reported to be causes of invasive aspergillosis. Their identification is clinically relevant, as these species frequently have intrinsic resistance to common antifungals. We evaluated the susceptibilities of 90 environmental and clinical isolates from the A. viridinutans species complex, identified by DNA sequencing of the calmodulin gene, to seven antifungals (voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin) using the reference European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) method. The majority of species demonstrated elevated MICs of voriconazole (geometric mean [GM] MIC, 4.46 mg/liter) and itraconazole (GM MIC, 9.85 mg/liter) and had variable susceptibility to amphotericin B (GM MIC, 2.5 mg/liter). Overall, the MICs of posaconazole and the minimum effective concentrations of echinocandins were low. The results obtained by the EUCAST method were compared with the results obtained with Sensititre YeastOne (YO) panels. Overall, there was 67% agreement (95% confidence interval [CI], 62 to 72%) between the results obtained by the EUCAST method and those obtained with YO panels when the results were read at 48 h and 82% agreement (95% CI, 78 to 86%) when the results were read at 72 h. There was a significant difference in agreement between antifungals; agreement was high for amphotericin B, voriconazole, and posaconazole (70 to 86% at 48 h and 88 to 93% at 72 h) but was very low for itraconazole (37% at 48 h and 57% at 72 h). The agreement was also variable between species, with the maximum agreement being observed for A. felis isolates (85 and 93% at 48 and 72 h, respectively). Elevated MICs of voriconazole and itraconazole were cross-correlated, but there was no correlation between the other azoles tested.

• Klíčová slova
• Aspergillus felis, Aspergillus udagawae, amphotericin B, cryptic species, echinocandins, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole,
• MeSH
• amfotericin B farmakologie   MeSH
• antifungální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Aspergillus účinky léků   MeSH
• echinokandiny farmakologie   MeSH
• itrakonazol farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• triazoly farmakologie   MeSH
• vorikonazol farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amfotericin B MeSH
• antifungální látky MeSH
• echinokandiny MeSH
• itrakonazol MeSH
• posaconazole MeSH Prohlížeč
• triazoly MeSH
• vorikonazol MeSH

Aspergillus section Restricti together with sister section Aspergillus (formerly Eurotium) comprises xerophilic species, that are able to grow on substrates with low water activity and in extreme environments. We adressed the monophyly of both sections within subgenus Aspergillus and applied a multidisciplinary approach for definition of species boundaries in sect. Restricti. The monophyly of sections Aspergillus and Restricti was tested on a set of 102 isolates comprising all currently accepted species and was strongly supported by Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inferrence (BI) analysis based on β-tubulin (benA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) loci. More than 300 strains belonging to sect. Restricti from various isolation sources and four continents were characterized by DNA sequencing, and 193 isolates were selected for phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic studies. Species delimitation methods based on multispecies coalescent model were employed on DNA sequences from four loci, i.e., ID region of rDNA (ITS + 28S), CaM, benA and RPB2, and supported recognition of 21 species, including 14 new. All these species were also strongly supported in ML and BI analyses. All recognised species can be reliably identified by all four examined genetic loci. Phenotype analysis was performed to support the delimitation of new species and includes colony characteristics on seven cultivation media incubated at several temperatures, growth on an osmotic gradient (six media with NaCl concentration from 0 to 25 %) and analysis of morphology including scanning electron microscopy. The micromorphology of conidial heads, vesicle dimensions, temperature profiles and growth parameters in osmotic gradient were useful criteria for species identification. The vast majority of species in sect. Restricti produce asperglaucide, asperphenamate or both in contrast to species in sect. Aspergillus. Mycophenolic acid was detected for the first time in at least six members of the section. The ascomata of A. halophilicus do not contain auroglaucin, epiheveadride or flavoglaucin which are common in sect. Aspergillus, but shares the echinulins with sect. Aspergillus.

• Klíčová slova
• Aspergillus canadensis Visagie, Yilmaz, F. Sklenar & Seifert, Aspergillus clavatophorus F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus destruens Zalar, F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus domesticus F. Sklenar, Houbraken, Zalar & Hubka, Aspergillus glabripes F. Sklenar, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus hordei F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus infrequens F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus magnivesiculatus F. Sklenar, Zalar, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus pachycaulis F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus pseudogracilis F. Sklenar, Ž. Jurjević & Hubka, Aspergillus restrictus, Aspergillus reticulatus F. Sklenar, Ž. Jurjević, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Aspergillus salinicola Zalar, F. Sklenar, Visagie & Hubka, Aspergillus tardicrescens F. Sklenar, Houbraken, Zalar, & Hubka, Aspergillus villosus F. Sklenar, S.W. Peterson & Hubka, Eurotium, food spoilage, indoor fungi, linear discriminant analysis, multigene phylogeny, multispecies coalescent model, sick building syndrome, xerophilic fungi,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Aspergillus section Aspergillus (formerly the genus Eurotium) includes xerophilic species with uniseriate conidiophores, globose to subglobose vesicles, green conidia and yellow, thin walled eurotium-like ascomata with hyaline, lenticular ascospores. In the present study, a polyphasic approach using morphological characters, extrolites, physiological characters and phylogeny was applied to investigate the taxonomy of this section. Over 500 strains from various culture collections and new isolates obtained from indoor environments and a wide range of substrates all over the world were identified using calmodulin gene sequencing. Of these, 163 isolates were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses using sequences of ITS rDNA, partial β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes. Colony characteristics were documented on eight cultivation media, growth parameters at three incubation temperatures were recorded and micromorphology was examined using light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy to illustrate and characterize each species. Many specific extrolites were extracted and identified from cultures, including echinulins, epiheveadrides, auroglaucins and anthraquinone bisanthrons, and to be consistent in strains of nearly all species. Other extrolites are species-specific, and thus valuable for identification. Several extrolites show antioxidant effects, which may be nutritionally beneficial in food and beverages. Important mycotoxins in the strict sense, such as sterigmatocystin, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, citrinin were not detected despite previous reports on their production in this section. Adopting a polyphasic approach, 31 species are recognized, including nine new species. ITS is highly conserved in this section and does not distinguish species. All species can be differentiated using CaM or RPB2 sequences. For BenA, Aspergillus brunneus and A. niveoglaucus share identical sequences. Ascospores and conidia morphology, growth rates at different temperatures are most useful characters for phenotypic species identification.

• Klíčová slova
• A. aurantiacoflavus Hubka, A.J. Chen, Jurjević & Samson, A. caperatus A.J. Chen, Frisvad & Samson, A. endophyticus Hubka, A.J. Chen, & Samson, A. levisporus Hubka, A.J. Chen, Jurjević & Samson, A. porosus A.J. Chen, Frisvad & Samson, A. tamarindosoli A.J. Chen, Frisvad & Samson, A. teporis A.J. Chen, Frisvad & Samson, A. zutongqii A.J. Chen, Frisvad & Samson, Ascomycota, Aspergillaceae, Aspergillus aerius A.J. Chen, Frisvad & Samson, Aspergillus proliferans, Eurotiales, Eurotium amstelodami, Extrolites, Multi-gene phylogeny,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH