Reduced height (Rht) genes have revolutionised wheat cultivation, but they can compromise freezing tolerance, and only a few alleles are in use. Thus, evaluating the role of other Rht alleles in stress responses is crucial. Far-red supplementation of white light (W+FR) can induce pre-hardening in cereals at 15°C. However, the relevant effect of blue light enrichment (W+B) is poorly described. This study investigates the influence of W+FR or W+B exposure in young winter wheat leaves of a tall (wild-type, rht12) and a dwarf, gibberellin-deficient (near-isogenic line, Rht12) genotype in cv. Maris Huntsman background over 10 days at 15°C. The main objectives were to investigate the relationship between light quality, gibberellin homeostasis, and freezing tolerance. Key parameters such as frost injury, hormonal pools and the expression of relevant genes were examined. Results provided evidence about the involvement of Rht alleles in the basal freezing tolerance of wheat leaves from the side of gibberellin availability. It was revealed that W+FR and W+B treatments partially rescued the freezing-sensitive phenotype of Rht12 leaves, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism. Analysis of gibberellic acid (GA) metabolism indicated differential responses to light treatments between the Rht12 and wild-type leaves, with implications for freezing tolerance. Moreover, alterations in hormone levels, including jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), were observed, highlighting the complex interplay between light signalling and hormonal regulation in wheat. Overall, these findings suggest that manipulating light responses may offer a strategy to enhance freezing tolerance in gibberellin-deficient dwarf wheat genotypes.

• MeSH
• Red Light MeSH
• Cyclopentanes MeSH
• Genotype MeSH
• Gibberellins metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Leaves * radiation effects   physiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Oxylipins MeSH
• Triticum * physiology   radiation effects   genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation, Plant radiation effects   MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators * metabolism   MeSH
• Light * MeSH
• Freezing MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Cyclopentanes MeSH
• Gibberellins MeSH
• jasmonic acid MeSH Browser
• Oxylipins MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators * MeSH

Wheat and its close relatives have large and complex genomes, making gene cloning difficult. Nevertheless, developments in genomics over the past decade have made it more feasible. The large and complex genomes of cereals, especially bread wheat, have always been a challenge for gene mapping and cloning. Nevertheless, recent advances in genomics have led to significant progress in this field. Currently, high-quality reference sequences are available for major wheat species and their relatives. New high-throughput genotyping platforms and next-generation sequencing technologies combined with genome complexity reduction techniques and mutagenesis have opened new avenues for gene cloning. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the genes cloned in wheat so far and discuss the strategies used for cloning these genes. We highlight the advantages and drawbacks of individual approaches and show how particular genomic progress contributed to wheat gene cloning. A wide range of new resources and approaches have led to a significant increase in the number of successful cloning projects over the past decade, demonstrating that it is now feasible to perform rapid gene cloning of agronomically important genes, even in a genome as large and complex as that of wheat.

• MeSH
• Genome, Plant MeSH
• Genomics MeSH
• Cloning, Molecular * methods   MeSH
• Chromosome Mapping MeSH
• Triticum * genetics   MeSH
• Genes, Plant * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Semidwarfing genes have greatly increased wheat yields globally, yet the widely used gibberellin (GA)-insensitive genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b have disadvantages for seedling emergence. Use of the GA-sensitive semidwarfing gene Rht13 avoids this pleiotropic effect. Here, we show that Rht13 encodes a nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) gene. A point mutation in the semidwarf Rht-B13b allele autoactivates the NB-LRR gene and causes a height reduction comparable with Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b in diverse genetic backgrounds. The autoactive Rht-B13b allele leads to transcriptional up-regulation of pathogenesis-related genes including class III peroxidases associated with cell wall remodeling. Rht13 represents a new class of reduced height (Rht) gene, unlike other Rht genes, which encode components of the GA signaling or metabolic pathways. This discovery opens avenues to use autoactive NB-LRR genes as semidwarfing genes in a range of crop species, and to apply Rht13 in wheat breeding programs using a perfect genetic marker.

• Keywords
• Triticum aestivum L. (wheat), autoactive NB-LRR, reduced-height (Rht) gene, semidwarfing gene,
• MeSH
• Dwarfism * MeSH
• Nucleotides metabolism   MeSH
• Triticum * genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Breeding MeSH
• Binding Sites MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Nucleotides MeSH
• Plant Proteins MeSH

Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.

• Keywords
• Gibberellin metabolism,
• MeSH
• Gibberellins metabolism   MeSH
• Metabolic Networks and Pathways MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators biosynthesis   metabolism   MeSH
• Plants metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• gibberellic acid MeSH Browser
• Gibberellins MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators MeSH