Chenopodium ficifolium is a close diploid relative of the tetraploid crop Chenopodium quinoa. Owing to its reproducible germination and seedling development, it becomes a promising model for studying floral induction, providing a basis for the comparison with C. quinoa. Two C. ficifolium genotypes differ in photoperiodic requirement: C. ficifolium 283 accelerates flowering under long days, whereas C. ficifolium 459 flowers earlier under short days. This study conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic and hormonomic analysis of floral induction in the long-day C. ficifolium 283 and compared the findings to previous experiments with the short-day C. ficifolium. Phytohormone concentrations and gene expression profiles during floral induction were largely similar between the two genotypes. However, a subset of genes exhibited contrasting expression patterns, aligning with the genotypes' differing photoperiodic requirements. These genes, predominantly homologs of flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, were activated under long days in C. ficifolium 283 and under short days in C. ficifolium 459. Notably, the contrasting expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS T-LIKE 2-1 gene, which was previously shown to induce precocious flowering in A. thaliana, confirmed its role as a floral activator, despite its low expression levels.
- Klíčová slova
- Flowering, genes with contrasting expression trends, long-day Chenopodium ficifolium, phytohormones, transcriptome,
- MeSH
- Chenopodium * genetika MeSH
- fotoperioda MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- květy * genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Seed dormancy is an adaptation that delays germination to prevent the start of this process during unsuitable conditions. It is crucial in wild species but its loss was selected during crop domestication to ensure a fast and uniform germination. Water uptake, or imbibition, is the first step of germination. In the Fabaceae family, seeds have physical dormancy, in which seed coats are impermeable to water. We used an interspecific cross between an elite lentil line (Lens culinaris) and a wild lentil (L. orientalis) to investigate the genetic basis of imbibition capacity through quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and by using RNA from embryos and seed coats at different development stages, and phenotypic data of seed coat thickness (SCT) and proportion of imbibed seeds (PIS). Both characteristics were consistent throughout different years and locations, suggesting a hereditary component. QTL results suggest that they are each controlled by relatively few loci. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within the QTL were considered candidate genes. Two glycosyl-hydrolase genes (a β-glucosidase and a β-galactosidase), which degrade complex polysaccharides in the cell wall, were found among the candidate genes, and one of them had a positive correlation (β-glucosidase) between gene expression and imbibition capacity, and the other gene (β-galactosidase) presented a negative correlation between gene expression and SCT.
- MeSH
- čočka * genetika fyziologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- domestikace * MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- klíčení genetika MeSH
- lokus kvantitativního znaku * MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- semena rostlinná * genetika MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- vegetační klid * genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is a key phytohormone with diverse morphogenic roles in land plants, but its function and transport mechanisms in algae remain poorly understood. We therefore aimed to explore the role of IAA in a complex, streptophyte algae Chara braunii. Here, we described novel responses of C. braunii to IAA and characterized two homologs of PIN auxin efflux carriers: CbPINa and CbPINc. We determined their localization in C. braunii using epitope-specific antibodies and tested their function in heterologous land plant models. Further, using phosphoproteomic analysis, we identified IAA-induced phosphorylation events. The thallus regeneration assay showed that IAA promotes thallus elongation and side branch development. Immunolocalization of CbPINa and CbPINc confirmed their presence on the plasma membrane of vegetative and generative cells of C. braunii. However, functional assays in tobacco BY-2 cells demonstrated that CbPINa affects auxin transport, whereas CbPINc does not. The IAA is effective in the acceleration of cytoplasmic streaming and the phosphorylation of evolutionary conserved targets such as homolog of RAF-like kinase. These findings suggest that, although canonical PIN-mediated auxin transport mechanisms might not be fully conserved in Chara, IAA is involved in morphogenesis and fast signaling processes.
- Klíčová slova
- Chara, auxin transport, indole‐3‐acetic acid, plant evolution, streptophytes,
- MeSH
- biologický transport účinky léků MeSH
- buněčná membrána metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- Chara * metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- fosforylace účinky léků MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové * metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny * metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny * metabolismus MeSH
- tabák metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- indoleacetic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
- kyseliny indoloctové * MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny * MeSH
Aux/IAA proteins are well-known as key components of the nuclear auxin signaling pathway, repressing gene transcription when present and enabling gene activation upon their degradation. In this review, we explore the additional roles of Aux/IAA proteins in the known auxin perception pathways-the TIR1/AFBs nuclear as well as in the emerging cytoplasmic and apoplastic pathways. We summarize recent advances in understanding the regulation of Aux/IAA protein stability at the post-translational level, a critical factor in auxin-regulated transcriptional output. We further highlight the roles of auxin-nondegradable non-canonical Aux/IAAs in auxin-mediated transcription and their involvement in apoplastic auxin signalling. Additionally, we discuss the importance of Aux/IAAs for the adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB receptors and speculate on their involvement in the cytoplasmic auxin pathway. Using Arabidopsis root as a model, this work underscores the central role of Aux/IAA proteins in mediating auxin-driven developmental processes and environmental responses. Key questions for future research are proposed to further unravel the dynamic roles of Aux/IAAs in auxin signaling networks.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- F-box proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové * metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu metabolismus genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- F-box proteiny MeSH
- kyseliny indoloctové * MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku * MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny * MeSH
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones which regulate various developmental processes in plants. They are exceptional phytohormones, as they do not undergo long-distance transport between plant organs. However, knowledge about the function of the enzymes that catalyse BR biosynthesis (particularly its early stages) in cereal crops remains limited. Therefore, this study identifies and analyses the function of the HvDWARF5 (HvDWF5) gene, involved in the early stage of BR biosynthesis in barley (Hordeum vulgare), an important cereal crop, using the TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) approach. The detailed functional analysis allowed for the identification of various mutations in different gene fragments. The influence of these mutations on plant architecture, reproduction, and yield was characterised. Moreover, effects of the missense and intron retention mutations on sequence and splicing of the HvDWF5 transcript, sequence and predicted structure of the encoded HvDWF5 enzyme, and accumulation of endogenous BR were determined. Some of the barley mutants identified in this study showed semi-dwarfism, a trait of particular importance for cereal breeding and yield. However, unlike other BR mutants in cereals, this did not negatively affect grain size or weight. It indicated that mutations in this gene allow for a balance between plant height reduction and maintenance of grain size. Thus, the results of this study provide a novel insight into the role of the HvDWF5 gene in the BR biosynthesis-dependent regulation of architecture and reproduction of the important cereal crop - barley.
- MeSH
- brassinosteroidy * metabolismus biosyntéza MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- ječmen (rod) * genetika metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- jedlá semena genetika metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- mutace * genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- semena rostlinná genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- brassinosteroidy * MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny * MeSH
In response to environmental changes, plants continuously make architectural changes in order to optimize their growth and development. The regulation of plant branching, influenced by environmental conditions and affecting hormone balance and gene expression, is crucial for agronomic purposes due to its direct correlation with yield. Strigolactones (SL), the youngest class of phytohormones, function to shape the architecture of plants by inhibiting axillary outgrowth. Barley plants harboring the mutation in the HvDWARF14 (HvD14) gene, which encodes the SL-specific receptor, produce almost twice as many tillers as wild-type (WT) Sebastian plants. Here, through hormone profiling and comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic changes between 2- and 4-week-old plants of WT and hvd14 genotypes, we elucidate a regulatory mechanism that might affect the tillering of SL-insensitive plants. The analysis showed statistically significant increased cytokinin content and decreased auxin and abscisic acid content in 'bushy' hvd14 compared to WT, which aligns with the commonly known actions of these hormones regarding branching regulation. Further, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed a set of differentially expressed genes (DEG) and abundant proteins (DAP), among which 11.6% and 14.6% were associated with phytohormone-related processes, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses then identified a series of potential SL-dependent transcription factors (TF), which may control the differences observed in the hvd14 transcriptome and proteome. Comparison to available Arabidopsis thaliana data implicates a sub-selection of these TF as being involved in the transduction of SL signal in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
- Klíčová slova
- Hordeum vulgare, Branching, Phytohormone cross-talk, Strigolactones,
- MeSH
- cytokininy metabolismus MeSH
- heterocyklické sloučeniny tricyklické * MeSH
- homeostáza MeSH
- ječmen (rod) * růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- laktony * metabolismus MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- proteom analýza MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cytokininy MeSH
- GR24 strigolactone MeSH Prohlížeč
- heterocyklické sloučeniny tricyklické * MeSH
- laktony * MeSH
- proteom MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
- transkripční faktory MeSH
Pregnane derivatives such as pregnenolone or progesterone and many other metabolites are important in mammals where many of them act as hormones including sexual hormones. Much less is known about the presence and functions of pregnane derivatives in plants. The main objectives of this work were (1) to determine the presence of pregnane derivatives in winter wheat (2) verify if there are changes of concentration of pregnane derivatives during wheat growth/development with special attention to vernalisation process (3) to answer the question of whether selected pregnane derivatives are stimulators of wheat development and whether the potential stimulation of this development is accompanied by the expression of the Vrn1 (Vernalisation1) gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates the presence of pregnenolone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone in the leaves and intact crowns of winter wheat. The levels of some of the pregnane derivatives changed during plant growth/development, it was demonstrated that pregnenolone, pregnanolone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone stimulated wheat development. The changes in the Vrn1 expression are discussed in light of the stimulation of generative development by the pregnane derivatives.
- Klíčová slova
- Vrn1 expression, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, Cold, Pregnenolone, Vernalisation, Winter wheat,
- MeSH
- listy rostlin růst a vývoj genetika metabolismus MeSH
- pregnany * MeSH
- pregnenolon MeSH
- pšenice * genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- pregnany * MeSH
- pregnenolon MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Cold acclimation and vernalization represent the major evolutionary adaptive responses to ensure winter survival of temperate plants. Due to climate change, mild winters can paradoxically worsen plant winter survival due to cold deacclimation induced by warm periods during winter. It seems that the ability of cold reacclimation in overwintering Triticeae cereals is limited, especially in vernalized plants. In the present review, the major factors determining cold acclimation (CA), deacclimation (DA) and reacclimation (RA) processes in winter-type Triticeae, namely wheat and barley, are discussed. Recent knowledge on cold sensing and signaling is briefly summarized. The impacts of chilling temperatures, photoperiod and light spectrum quality as the major environmental factors, and the roles of soluble proteins and sugars (carbohydrates) as well as cold stress memory molecular mechanisms as the major plant-based factors determining CA, DA, and RA processes are discussed. The roles of plant stress memory mechanisms and development processes, namely vernalization, in winter Triticeae reacclimation are elucidated. Recent findings about the role of O-glucose N-acetylation of target proteins during vernalization and their impacts on the expression of VRN1 gene and other target proteins resulting in cold-responsive modules reprogramming are presented.
- Klíčová slova
- Cold acclimation, Deacclimation, Light quality, Photoperiod, Reacclimation, Triticeae, Vernalization,
- MeSH
- aklimatizace * fyziologie MeSH
- ječmen (rod) * fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- nízká teplota * MeSH
- pšenice * fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- roční období * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Nitrogen (N) deficiency is one of the critical factors that induce leaf senescence by integrating with abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism, which results in a shortened leaf photosynthetic period and markedly lowered grain yield. However, the metabolic pathway by which ABA signaling participates in the regulation of senescence-associated change in sugar metabolism and its relationship with N allocation in plant tissues are not well understood. In this paper, the effect of supply level on leaf C/N allocation and its relation to ABA signalling, sugar metabolism, and N assimilation were investigated by using two rice genotypes subjected to four N treatments. Results indicated that N-deficiency markedly induced PYR1-like (PYL) expression and ABA biosynthesis, consequently leading to the activation of ABA signaling. The increased ABA concentration in leaf tissues triggered the catabolic pathways of sugar and N metabolisms, resulting in the reduced photosynthetic pigments and intensified oxidative damage in N-deficient leaves. ABA signaling induced by N-deficiency upregulates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and C/N allocation by mediating several senescence-promoting factors, such as NAC, bZIP, and WRKY TFs, along with the suppression of PP2Cs. Therefore, N-deficiency impairs chlorophyll biosynthesis and triggers chlorophyll degradation to accelerate the timing and rate of leaf senescence. This metabolic network could provide helpful information for understanding the regulatory mechanism of leaf senescence in relation to sugar signaling, N-assimilation and N-use efficiency.
- MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- cukry metabolismus MeSH
- dusík * metabolismus nedostatek MeSH
- fotosyntéza MeSH
- kyselina abscisová * metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin * metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- rýže (rod) * metabolismus genetika fyziologie MeSH
- senescence rostlin MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl MeSH
- cukry MeSH
- dusík * MeSH
- kyselina abscisová * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Potato tuber greening occurs due to the chlorophyll accumulation upon exposure to light, however, fundamental information on tuber chlorophyll metabolism is lacking. We measured the effect of varying light exposure (0, 48, 96, and 168 h) on chlorophyll concentration and gene expression of enzymes in the chlorophyll metabolic pathway in the potato varieties that differ in greening propensity. Greening was associated with the upregulation of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, particularly glutamyl-tRNA reductase 1, magnesium-chelatase subunit H, and magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase, and downregulation of genes involved in chlorophyll cycling and degradation, including chlorophyllide a oxygenase, and pheophorbide a oxygenase. Our findings suggest that relative resistance to tuber greening propensity may be due to a weaker upregulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes and weaker downregulation of chlorophyll degradation genes that occurs in susceptible varieties. The association of these biosynthesis and degradation genes with greening susceptibility may provide possible breeding targets for the future development of more greening-resistant varieties.
- Klíčová slova
- chlorophyll biosynthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chlorophyll metabolic pathway, tuber greening,
- MeSH
- chlorofyl * metabolismus biosyntéza MeSH
- hlízy rostlin * účinky záření metabolismus genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky záření MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum * genetika účinky záření metabolismus MeSH
- světlo * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
