In response to environmental changes, plants continuously make architectural changes in order to optimize their growth and development. The regulation of plant branching, influenced by environmental conditions and affecting hormone balance and gene expression, is crucial for agronomic purposes due to its direct correlation with yield. Strigolactones (SL), the youngest class of phytohormones, function to shape the architecture of plants by inhibiting axillary outgrowth. Barley plants harboring the mutation in the HvDWARF14 (HvD14) gene, which encodes the SL-specific receptor, produce almost twice as many tillers as wild-type (WT) Sebastian plants. Here, through hormone profiling and comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic changes between 2- and 4-week-old plants of WT and hvd14 genotypes, we elucidate a regulatory mechanism that might affect the tillering of SL-insensitive plants. The analysis showed statistically significant increased cytokinin content and decreased auxin and abscisic acid content in 'bushy' hvd14 compared to WT, which aligns with the commonly known actions of these hormones regarding branching regulation. Further, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed a set of differentially expressed genes (DEG) and abundant proteins (DAP), among which 11.6% and 14.6% were associated with phytohormone-related processes, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses then identified a series of potential SL-dependent transcription factors (TF), which may control the differences observed in the hvd14 transcriptome and proteome. Comparison to available Arabidopsis thaliana data implicates a sub-selection of these TF as being involved in the transduction of SL signal in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta 11455 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada

Institute of Biology Biotechnology and Environmental Protection Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellonska 28 40 032 Katowice Poland

Laboratory of Growth Regulators Faculty of Science Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Olomouc Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aliche, E. B., Screpanti, C., De Mesmaeker, A., Munnik, T. & Bouwmeester, H. J. Science and application of strigolactones. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang, M. Molecular regulatory network of BRANCHED1 (BRC1) expression in axillary bud of Rpsa sp. in response to sugar and auxin. (Agrocampus Ouest, 2019).

Aguilar-Martínez, J. A., Poza-Carrión, C. & Cubas, P. Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 acts as an integrator of branching signals within axillary buds. PubMed DOI PMC

Mashiguchi, K. et al. Feedback-regulation of strigolactone biosynthetic genes and strigolactone-regulated genes in arabidopsis. PubMed DOI

Braun, N. et al. The pea TCP transcription factor PsBRC1 acts downstream of strigolactones to control shoot branching. PubMed DOI PMC

Dun, E. A., de Saint Germain, A., Rameau, C. & Beveridge, C. A. Antagonistic action of strigolactone and cytokinin in bud outgrowth control. PubMed DOI PMC

Stes, E. et al. Strigolactones as an auxiliary hormonal defence mechanism against leafy gall syndrome in Arabidopsis thaliana. PubMed DOI PMC

Muhr, M., Prüfer, N., Paulat, M. & Teichmann, T. Knockdown of strigolactone biosynthesis genes in Populus affects BRANCHED1 expression and shoot architecture. PubMed DOI

Soundappan, I. et al. SMAX1-LIKE/D53 family members enable distinct MAX2-dependent responses to strigolactones and karrikins in arabidopsis. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang, L. et al. Strigolactone signaling in arabidopsis regulates shoot development by targeting D53-Like SMXL repressor proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. PubMed DOI PMC

Song, X. et al. IPA1 functions as a downstream transcription factor repressed by D53 in strigolactone signaling in rice. PubMed DOI PMC

Skoog, F. & Thimann, K. V. Further experiments on the inhibition of the development of lateral buds by growth hormone. PubMed DOI PMC

Snow, R. On the upward inhibiting effect of auxin in shoots. DOI

Cline, M. G. Exogenous auxin effects on lateral bud outgrowth in decapitated shoots. DOI

Müller, D. & Leyser, O. Auxin, cytokinin and the control of shoot branching. PubMed DOI PMC

Adamowski, M. & Friml, J. PIN-dependent auxin transport: action, regulation, and evolution. PubMed DOI PMC

Bennett, T. et al. The Arabidopsis MAX pathway controls shoot branching by regulating auxin transport. PubMed DOI

Arite, T. et al. DWARF10, an RMS1/MAX4/DAD1 ortholog, controls lateral bud outgrowth in rice. PubMed DOI

Shinohara, N., Taylor, C. & Leyser, O. Strigolactone can promote or inhibit shoot branching by triggering rapid depletion of the auxin Efflux Protein PIN1 from the plasma membrane. PubMed DOI PMC

Crawford, S. et al. Strigolactones enhance competition between shoot branches by dampening auxin transport. PubMed DOI

Hayward, A., Stirnberg, P., Beveridge, C. & Leyser, O. Interactions between Auxin and Strigolactone in Shoot Branching Control. PubMed DOI PMC

Foo, E. et al. The branching gene RAMOSUS1 mediates interactions among two novel signals and auxin in pea. PubMed DOI PMC

Johnson, X. et al. Branching genes are conserved across species. Genes controlling a novel signal in pea are coregulated by other long-distance signals. PubMed DOI PMC

Sorefan, K. et al. MAX4 and RMS1 are orthologous dioxygenase-like genes that regulate shoot branching in Arabidopsis and pea. PubMed DOI PMC

Fichtner, F. et al. Trehalose 6-phosphate is involved in triggering axillary bud outgrowth in garden pea ( PubMed DOI

Dierck, R. et al. Change in auxin and cytokinin levels coincides with altered expression of branching genes during axillary bud outgrowth in chrysanthemum. PubMed DOI PMC

Minakuchi, K. et al. FINE CULM1 (FC1) works downstream of strigolactones to inhibit the outgrowth of axillary buds in rice. PubMed DOI PMC

Helliwell, C. A. et al. The arabidopsis AMP1 gene encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase. PubMed DOI PMC

Chen, S. et al. The transcription factor SPL13 mediates strigolactone suppression of shoot branching by inhibiting cytokinin synthesis in Solanum lycopersicum. PubMed DOI PMC

Tanaka, M., Takei, K., Kojima, M., Sakakibara, H. & Mori, H. Auxin controls local cytokinin biosynthesis in the nodal stem in apical dominance. PubMed DOI

Marzec, M., Gruszka, D., Tylec, P. & Szarejko, I. Identification and functional analysis of the PubMed DOI

Daszkowska-Golec, A. et al. Multi-omics insights into the positive role of strigolactone perception in barley drought response. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu, P., Chen, H. & Cai, W. Transcription factor CDF4 promotes leaf senescence and floral organ abscission by regulating abscisic acid and reactive oxygen species pathways in Arabidopsis. PubMed DOI PMC

Noguero, M., Atif, R. M., Ochatt, S. & Thompson, R. D. The role of the DNA-binding one zinc finger (DOF) transcription factor family in plants. PubMed DOI

Kang, H.-G. & Singh, K. B. Characterization of salicylic acid-responsive, Arabidopsis Dof domain proteins: Overexpression of OBP3 leads to growth defects. PubMed DOI

Jha, P. & Kumar, V. BABY BOOM (BBM): A candidate transcription factor gene in plant biotechnology. PubMed DOI

Scheres, B. & Krizek, B. A. Coordination of growth in root and shoot apices by AIL/PLT transcription factors. PubMed DOI

Galinha, C. et al. PLETHORA proteins as dose-dependent master regulators of Arabidopsis root development. PubMed DOI

Li, M. et al. Auxin biosynthesis maintains embryo identity and growth during BABY BOOM-induced somatic embryogenesis. PubMed DOI PMC

Boutilier, K. et al. Ectopic expression of BABY BOOM triggers a conversion from vegetative to embryonic growth. PubMed DOI PMC

Bowman, J. L. & Moyroud, E. Reflections on the ABC model of flower development. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang, L. et al. Transcriptional regulation of strigolactone signalling in Arabidopsis. PubMed DOI

Assuero, S. G. & Tognetti, J. A. Tillering regulation by endogenous and environmental factors and its agricultural management.

Hussien, A. et al. Genetics of Tillering in Rice and Barley.

Dun, E. A., Brewer, P. B., Gillam, E. M. J. & Beveridge, C. A. Strigolactones and shoot branching: What Is the real hormone and how does it work?. PubMed DOI PMC

Korek, M., Uhrig, R. G. & Marzec, M. Strigolactone insensitivity affects differential shoot and root transcriptome in barley. PubMed DOI PMC

Altmann, M. et al. Extensive signal integration by the phytohormone protein network. PubMed DOI

Yao, C. & Finlayson, S. A. Abscisic acid is a general negative regulator of arabidopsis axillary bud growth1[OPEN]. PubMed DOI PMC

González-Grandío, E. et al. Abscisic acid signaling is controlled by a BRANCHED1/HD-ZIP I cascade in Arabidopsis axillary buds. PubMed DOI PMC

Cheng, Y. et al. Jasmonic acid negatively regulates branch growth in pear. PubMed PMC

Hong, S.-Y. et al. Heterologous microProtein expression identifies LITTLE NINJA, a dominant regulator of jasmonic acid signaling. PubMed DOI PMC

Shimizu-Sato, S., Tanaka, M. & Mori, H. Auxin–cytokinin interactions in the control of shoot branching. PubMed DOI

Balla, J., Kalousek, P., Reinöhl, V., Friml, J. & Procházka, S. Competitive canalization of PIN-dependent auxin flow from axillary buds controls pea bud outgrowth. PubMed DOI

Xu, J. et al. The interaction between nitrogen availability and auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone in the control of shoot branching in rice ( PubMed DOI

Wani, A. B., Chadar, H., Wani, A. H., Singh, S. & Upadhyay, N. Salicylic acid to decrease plant stress. DOI

Abdelkader, M. & Hamad,. Response of growth, yield and chemical constituents of Roselle plant to foliar application of Ascorbic Acid and Salicylic Acid.

Abou El-Yazeid, A. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and chelated zinc on growth and productivity of sweet pepper (

Hesami, S., Nabizadeh, E., Rahimi, A. & Rokhzadi, A. Effects of salicylic acid levels and irrigation intervals on growth and yield of coriander (

Li, L. et al. Protein degradation rate in arabidopsis thaliana leaf growth and development. PubMed DOI PMC

Creelman, R. A., Bell, E. & Mullet, J. E. Involvement of a lipoxygenase-like enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis 1. PubMed DOI PMC

Korek, M. & Marzec, M. Strigolactones and abscisic acid interactions affect plant development and response to abiotic stresses. PubMed DOI PMC

Marzec, M. et al. Barley strigolactone signalling mutant PubMed DOI

van Es, S. W. et al. A gene regulatory network critical for axillary bud dormancy directly controlled by Arabidopsis BRANCHED1. PubMed DOI

Wasternack, C. & Hause, B. Jasmonates: Biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. PubMed DOI PMC

Viswanath, K. K. et al. Plant lipoxygenases and their role in plant physiology. DOI

Bell, E., Creelman, R. A. & Mullet, J. E. A chloroplast lipoxygenase is required for wound-induced jasmonic acid accumulation in Arabidopsis. PubMed DOI PMC

Lim, C. W. et al. The pepper lipoxygenase CaLOX1 plays a role in osmotic, drought and high salinity stress response. PubMed DOI

Hou, S., Lin, L., Lv, Y., Xu, N. & Sun, X. Responses of lipoxygenase, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid to temperature and exogenous phytohormone treatments in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta). DOI

Bhardwaj, P. K., Kaur, J., Sobti, R. C., Ahuja, P. S. & Kumar, S. PubMed DOI

Melan, M. A. et al. An arabidopsis thaliana lipoxygenase gene can be induced by pathogens, abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate. PubMed DOI PMC

Gaillochet, C. et al. A molecular network for functional versatility of HECATE transcription factors. PubMed DOI

Zhu, K. et al. Ethylene activation of carotenoid biosynthesis by a novel transcription factor CsERF061. PubMed DOI

Shanks, C. M. et al. Role of BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factors in a subset of cytokinin signaling responses. PubMed DOI

Pruneda-Paz, J. L., Breton, G., Para, A. & Kay, S. A. A functional genomics approach reveals CHE as a component of the arabidopsis circadian clock. PubMed DOI PMC

Robertson, F. C., Skeffington, A. W., Gardner, M. J. & Webb, A. A. R. Interactions between circadian and hormonal signalling in plants. PubMed DOI

Wang, F. et al. The rice circadian clock regulates tiller growth and panicle development through strigolactone signaling and sugar sensing. PubMed DOI PMC

Guo, Y., Qin, G., Gu, H. & Qu, L.-J. Dof5.6/HCA2, a Dof transcription factor gene, regulates interfascicular cambium formation and vascular tissue development in arabidopsis. PubMed DOI PMC

Agusti, J. et al. Strigolactone signaling is required for auxin-dependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants. PubMed DOI PMC

Yin, Y. et al. A new class of transcription factors mediates brassinosteroid-regulated gene expression in arabidopsis. PubMed DOI

Hu, J., Ji, Y., Hu, X., Sun, S. & Wang, X. BES1 functions as the Co-regulator of D53-like SMXLs to Inhibit BRC1 expression in strigolactone-regulated shoot branching in arabidopsis. PubMed DOI PMC

Liu, X. et al. A multifaceted module of BRI1 ETHYLMETHANE SULFONATE SUPRESSOR1 (BES1)-MYB88 in growth and stress tolerance of apple. PubMed DOI PMC

Šimura, J. et al. Plant hormonomics: Multiple phytohormone profiling by targeted metabolomics. PubMed DOI PMC

Bray, N. L., Pimentel, H., Melsted, P. & Pachter, L. Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification. PubMed DOI

Love, M. I., Huber, W. & Anders, S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. PubMed DOI PMC

Leutert, M., Rodríguez-Mias, R. A., Fukuda, N. K. & Villén, J. R2–P2 rapid-robotic phosphoproteomics enables multidimensional cell signaling studies. PubMed DOI PMC

Tyanova, S., Temu, T. & Cox, J. The MaxQuant computational platform for mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics. PubMed DOI

Tyanova, S. et al. The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote)omics data. PubMed DOI