Recent phylogenetic analyses of members of the Tolypothrichaceae (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data have demonstrated that the soil-inhabiting members of the family belong to a clade separate from the aquatic and subaerial members of the family. The soil-inhabiting species clade includes Spirirestis, a monophyletic taxon originally defined by its tight spiral coiling. Most of the soil-inhabiting species have been identified in the past as belonging either to Hassallia or Tolypothrix, which are subaerial and aquatic taxa, respectively. A comprehensive study of the terrestrial Tolypothrichaceae led us to conclude that all terrestrial Tolypothrichaceae should be included in the genus Spirirestis, even though most of those isolates lack the spiral coiling diagnostic of the genus. Using a polyphasic approach, we recognize seven distinct clades in Spirirestis, which we split into seven species: S. rafaelensis (the generitype), S. californica comb. nov., S. pseudoramosissima comb. nov., S. lignicolor sp. nov., S. williamsae sp. nov., S. hydroterrestris sp. nov., and S. atacamensis sp. nov. Spirirestis rafaelensis and S. californica are represented by multiple isolates, and we postulate that with time and further taxon sampling, some of the strains we included in these two species may be recognized as additional species. As the study of soil cyanobacteria continues, additional species of Spirirestis will likely be discovered and described.

• Klíčová slova
• Hassallia, Tolypothrix, 16S–23S ITS, Nostocales, Tolypothrichaceae, biological soil crusts, phylogeny,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Over 400 cyanobacterial genera have been described up to the present. Since the Cambridge Rules (https://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/1935.htm: Rendle 1935), a type species (generitype) must be specified at the time of description for a new genus to be validly described. Even though we have entered a time in which sequencing has become practical and widespread, the basic molecular characterization (e.g., 16S rRNA gene sequence) of most cyanobacterial generitypes is still lacking. About 15 cyanobacterial genera were originally described from Scandinavia. Following a field excursion in which the type or syntype localities for the type species of these genera were visited and sampled, we succeeded in finding three type species from their type or syntype localities: Capsosira brebissonii, Stigonema mamillosum, and Paracapsa siderophila. Epitypes for all three generitypes are herein established. Cells or filaments of C. brebissonii and S. mamillosum were isolated and used for single-cell/filament PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and subsequent cloning and sequencing of the PCR amplicons. This allows a firm establishment of reference sequences of these two genera, to which morphologically similar taxa can now be compared. Stigonema and Capsosira are shown herein to be sister to Aetokthonos hydrillicola, a cyanobacterium known to cause avian vacuolar myelinopathy in birds, including bald eagles.

• Klíčová slova
• Capsosira brebissonii, Paracapsa siderophila, Stigonema mamillosum, 16S rRNA gene, 16S–23S ITS, avian vacuolar myelinopathy, cyanobacteria, generitypes, type locality,
• MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   analýza   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sinice * genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Skandinávie a severské státy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

The sympatric occurrence of closely related lineages displaying conserved morphological and ecological traits is often characteristic of free-living microbes. Gene flow, recombination, selection, and mutations govern the genetic variability between these cryptic lineages and drive their differentiation. However, sequencing conservative molecular markers (e.g., 16S rRNA) coupled with insufficient population-level sampling hindered the study of intra-species genetic diversity and speciation in cyanobacteria. We used phylogenomics and a population genomic approach to investigate the extent of local genomic diversity and the mechanisms underlying sympatric speciation of Laspinema thermale. We found two cryptic lineages of Laspinema. The lineages were highly genetically diverse, with recombination occurring more frequently within than between them. That suggests the existence of a barrier to gene flow, which further maintains divergence. Genomic regions of high population differentiation harbored genes associated with possible adaptations to high/low light conditions and stress stimuli, although with a weak diversifying selection. Overall, the diversification of Laspinema species might have been affected by both genomic and ecological processes.

• Klíčová slova
• cryptic species, cyanobacteria, gene flow, phylogenomics, recombination, sympatric speciation,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Simple trichal types constitute a group of cyanobacteria with an abundance of novel, often cryptic taxa. Here, we investigated material collected from wet surface-soil in a saline environment in Petchaburi Province, central Thailand. A morphological comparison of the isolated strain with similar known species, as well as its phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses based on the combined datasets of other related organisms, especially simple trichal cyanobacteria, revealed that the material of this study represented an independent taxon. Using a multifaceted method, we propose that this material represents a new genus, Thainema gen. nov., belonging to the family Leptolyngbyaceae, with the type species Thainema salinarum sp. nov. This novel taxon shares similar ecological habitats with strains previously placed in the same lineage.

• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• sinice klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Thajsko MeSH