We explore the potential of using magnetic cues as a novel approach to modulating ion channel expression, which could provide an alternative to traditional pharmacological interventions. Ion channels are crucial targets for pharmacological therapies, and ongoing research in this field continues to introduce new methods for treating various diseases. However, the efficacy of ion channel drugs is often compromised by issues such as target selectivity, leading to side effects, toxicity, and complex drug interactions. These challenges, along with problems like drug resistance and difficulties in crossing biological barriers, highlight the need for innovative strategies. In this context, the proposed use of magnetic cues to modulate ion channel expression may offer a promising solution to address these limitations, potentially improving the safety and effectiveness of treatments, particularly for long-term use. Key developments in this area are reviewed, the relationships between changes in ion channel expression and magnetic fields are summarized, knowledge gaps are identified, and central issues relevant to future research are discussed.

• Keywords
• cell membrane, ion channel drug, ion channels, magnetic cues, magnetic field, magnetic nanoparticles,
• MeSH
• Ion Channels * metabolism   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Fields * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Ion Channels * MeSH

Although 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been tested in healthy volunteers, its safety in diabetic patients is unclear. Furthermore, the effects of high static magnetic fields (SMFs), especially gradient vs. uniform fields, have not been investigated in diabetics. Here, we investigated the consequences of exposure to 1.0-9.4 T high SMFs of different gradients (>10 T/m vs. 0-10 T/m) on type 1 diabetic (T1D) and type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice. We found that 14 h of prolonged treatment of gradient (as high as 55.5 T/m) high SMFs (1.0-8.6 T) had negative effects on T1D and T2D mice, including spleen, hepatic, and renal tissue impairment and elevated glycosylated serum protein, blood glucose, inflammation, and anxiety, while 9.4 T quasi-uniform SMFs at 0-10 T/m did not induce the same effects. In regular T1D mice (blood glucose ≥16.7 mmol/L), the >10 T/m gradient high SMFs increased malondialdehyde ( P<0.01) and decreased superoxide dismutase ( P<0.05). However, in the severe T1D mice (blood glucose ≥30.0 mmol/L), the >10 T/m gradient high SMFs significantly increased tissue damage and reduced survival rate. In vitro cellular studies showed that gradient high SMFs increased cellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis and reduced MS-1 cell number and proliferation. Therefore, this study showed that prolonged exposure to high-field (1.0-8.6 T) >10 T/m gradient SMFs (35-1 380 times higher than that of current clinical MRI) can have negative effects on diabetic mice, especially mice with severe T1D, whereas 9.4 T high SMFs at 0-10 T/m did not produce the same effects, providing important information for the future development and clinical application of SMFs, especially high-field MRI.

9.4 T 核磁共振成像（MRI）已经在健康志愿者中进行了检测，但其对糖尿病患者的影响尚不清楚。稳态强磁场（SMFs），尤其是梯度和/或均匀稳态强磁场对糖尿病的影响也未进行研究。该研究旨在探究不同梯度（>10 T/m 和 0–10 T/m）的1.0–9.4 T高场SMFs对1型糖尿病（T1D）和2型糖尿病（T2D）小鼠的影响。我们发现持续14小时的梯度（高达55.5 T/m）高场（1.0–8.6 T）SMFs处理后，对T1D和T2D小鼠均可产生有害影响，包括：脾脏、肝脏和肾脏组织损伤，以及糖基化血清蛋白、血糖、炎症和焦虑水平升高等；而近均匀SMFs（0–10 T/m，~9.4 T）却没有出现以上现象。在普通的T1D小鼠（血糖≥16.7 mmol/L）肾脏组织中，>10 T/m的梯度高场SMFs增加了组织丙二醛水平（ P<0.01），减少超氧化物歧化酶的含量（ P<0.05）。然而，在严重的T1D小鼠（血糖≥30.0mmol/L）中，>10 T/m梯度高场SMFs不仅明显增加多组织损伤，还降低了严重的T1D小鼠的存活率。体外细胞研究表明，梯度高场SMFs增加了MS-1细胞的活性氧水平，并促进细胞凋亡，减少了MS-1细胞数量和细胞增殖。因此，我们的研究表明，长期暴露于>10 T/m梯度SMFs（比目前临床MRI高35–1380倍）高场（1.0–8.6 T）对糖尿病小鼠，尤其是对严重的T1D小鼠产生有害影响。相反，0–10 T/m的~9.4 T近均匀高场SMFs却没有负面影响，这为SMFs特别是高场MRI的未来发展和临床应用提供了重要信息。.

• Keywords
• Gradient static magnetic field, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Quasi-uniform static magnetic field, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes,
• MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 * veterinary   MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 * veterinary   MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental * MeSH
• Blood Glucose MeSH
• Magnetic Fields MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Blood Glucose MeSH

The diffusion of biologically active molecules is a ubiquitous process, controlling many mechanisms and the characteristic time scales for pivotal processes in living cells. Here, we show how a high static magnetic field (MF) affects the diffusion of paramagnetic and diamagnetic species including oxygen, hemoglobin, and drugs. We derive and solve the equation describing diffusion of such biologically active molecules in the presence of an MF as well as reveal the underlying mechanism of the MF's effect on diffusion. We found that a high MF accelerates diffusion of diamagnetic species while slowing the diffusion of paramagnetic molecules in cell cytoplasm. When applied to oxygen and hemoglobin diffusion in red blood cells, our results suggest that an MF may significantly alter the gas exchange in an erythrocyte and cause swelling. Our prediction that the diffusion rate and characteristic time can be controlled by an MF opens new avenues for experimental studies foreseeing numerous biomedical applications.

• Keywords
• drug diffusion, hemoglobin, magnetic field, molecular diffusion, red blood cells,
• MeSH
• Diffusion MeSH
• Erythrocytes metabolism   MeSH
• Hemoglobins metabolism   MeSH
• Oxygen metabolism   MeSH
• Pharmaceutical Preparations metabolism   MeSH
• Magnetic Fields * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Hemoglobins MeSH
• Oxygen MeSH
• Pharmaceutical Preparations MeSH