Chenopodium ficifolium is a close diploid relative of the tetraploid crop Chenopodium quinoa. Owing to its reproducible germination and seedling development, it becomes a promising model for studying floral induction, providing a basis for the comparison with C. quinoa. Two C. ficifolium genotypes differ in photoperiodic requirement: C. ficifolium 283 accelerates flowering under long days, whereas C. ficifolium 459 flowers earlier under short days. This study conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic and hormonomic analysis of floral induction in the long-day C. ficifolium 283 and compared the findings to previous experiments with the short-day C. ficifolium. Phytohormone concentrations and gene expression profiles during floral induction were largely similar between the two genotypes. However, a subset of genes exhibited contrasting expression patterns, aligning with the genotypes' differing photoperiodic requirements. These genes, predominantly homologs of flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, were activated under long days in C. ficifolium 283 and under short days in C. ficifolium 459. Notably, the contrasting expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS T-LIKE 2-1 gene, which was previously shown to induce precocious flowering in A. thaliana, confirmed its role as a floral activator, despite its low expression levels.

• Klíčová slova
• Flowering, genes with contrasting expression trends, long-day Chenopodium ficifolium, phytohormones, transcriptome,
• MeSH
• Chenopodium * genetika   MeSH
• fotoperioda MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• květy * genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin * MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné geny MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• regulátory růstu rostlin MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny MeSH

The genus Chenopodium L. is characterized by its wide geographic distribution and ecological adaptability. Species such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) have served as domesticated staple crops for centuries. Wild Chenopodium species exhibit diverse niche adaptations and are important genetic reservoirs for beneficial agronomic traits, including disease resistance and climate hardiness. To harness the potential of the wild taxa for crop improvement, we developed a Chenopodium pangenome through the assembly and comparative analyses of 12 Chenopodium species that encompass the eight known genome types (A-H). Six of the species are new chromosome-scale assemblies, and many are polyploids; thus, a total of 20 genomes were included in the pangenome analyses. We show that the genomes vary dramatically in size with the D genome being the smallest (∼370 Mb) and the B genome being the largest (∼700 Mb) and that genome size was correlated with independent expansions of the Copia and Gypsy LTR retrotransposon families, suggesting that transposable elements have played a critical role in the evolution of the Chenopodium genomes. We annotated a total of 33,457 pan-Chenopodium gene families, of which ∼65% were classified as shell (2% private). Phylogenetic analysis clarified the evolutionary relationships among the genome lineages, notably resolving the taxonomic placement of the F genome while highlighting the uniqueness of the A genome in the Western Hemisphere. These genomic resources are particularly important for understanding the secondary and tertiary gene pools available for the improvement of the domesticated chenopods while furthering our understanding of the evolution and complexity within the genus.

• MeSH
• Chenopodium * genetika   MeSH
• délka genomu MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom rostlinný * MeSH
• koncové repetice * genetika   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• retroelementy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• retroelementy MeSH