The rhabditid nematode Strongyloides stercoralis is known worldwide as the causative agent of strongyloidiasis in humans. In addition to public health concerns, S. stercoralis also infects dogs, which represent a possible reservoir for potentially zoonotic transmissions. We describe the first confirmed case of fatal disseminated infection in a dog in the Czech Republic. The microscopic and histological results were supported by a complex genotyping approach. Using high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable region (HVR-IV) of 18S rDNA and Sanger sequencing of the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1), the potentially zoonotic haplotype/lineage A of S. stercoralis was confirmed, while the solely canine haplotype/lineage B was not found. The development of the disease is mainly associated with immunodeficiency, and in this case, it was triggered by inappropriate treatment, in particular the use of corticosteroids.

• Keywords
• Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloidiasis, dog, high-throughput sequencing, zoonotic,
• MeSH
• DNA, Helminth MeSH
• Fatal Outcome MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Genotype MeSH
• Dog Diseases * parasitology   MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Electron Transport Complex IV genetics   MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 18S genetics   analysis   MeSH
• Strongyloides stercoralis * genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Strongyloidiasis * veterinary   parasitology   diagnosis   drug therapy   MeSH
• High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Case Reports MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Names of Substances
• DNA, Helminth MeSH
• Electron Transport Complex IV MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 18S MeSH

Primates are an important source of infectious disease in humans. Strongyloidiasis affects an estimated 600 million people worldwide, with a global distribution and hotspots of infection in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently added to the list of neglected tropical diseases, global attention has been demanded in the drive for its control. Through a literature review of Strongyloides in humans and non-human primates (NHP), we analysed the most common identification methods and gaps in knowledge about this nematode genus. The rise of molecular-based methods for Strongyloides detection is evident in both humans and NHP and provides an opportunity to analyse all data available from primates. Dogs were also included as an important host species of Strongyloides and a potential bridge host between humans and NHP. This review highlights the lack of molecular data across all hosts-humans, NHP and dogs-with the latter highly underrepresented in the database. Despite the cosmopolitan nature of Strongyloides, there are still large gaps in our knowledge for certain species when considering transmission and pathogenicity. We suggest that a unified approach to Strongyloides detection be taken, with an optimized, repeatable molecular-based method to improve our understanding of this parasitic infection. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.

• Keywords
• Strongyloides, microscopy, molecular methods, primates,
• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neglected Diseases MeSH
• Primates MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Strongyloides * MeSH
• Strongyloidiasis * epidemiology   veterinary   diagnosis   MeSH
• Public Health MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH