Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.

• Klíčová slova
• Balkan endemic nephropathy, biomarkers, carcinogenicity, feed, food, microfungi, ochratoxin A, toxicity, urothelial cancer,
• MeSH
• balkánská nefropatie chemicky indukované   genetika   dějiny   metabolismus   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• epigeneze genetická účinky léků   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• ledviny účinky léků   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorová transformace buněk chemicky indukované   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory ledvin chemicky indukované   genetika   dějiny   metabolismus   MeSH
• ochratoxiny dějiny   metabolismus   toxicita   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• poškození DNA MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie * dějiny   trendy   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů účinky léků   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• toxikologie * dějiny   trendy   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ochratoxin A MeSH Prohlížeč
• ochratoxiny MeSH

AFM1 was determined in 72 (72%) samples of human urine, range 19-6064 pg/g creatinine, mean 367 pg/g creatinine, median 158 pg/g creatinine and 90% percentile 755 pg/g creatinine in 1997. AFM1 was determined in 46 (43.8%) samples of human urine, range 21-19219 pg/g creatinine, mean 414 pg/g creatinine, median 96 pg/g creatinine and 90% percentile 415 pg/g creatinine in 1998. OTA was determined in 2077 (94.2%) samples of human serum, range 0.1-13.7 μg/L, mean 0.28 μg/L, median 0.2 μg/L and 90% percentile 0.5 μg/L in 1994-2002. OTA was determined in 12 (40%) samples of human kidneys, range 0.1-0.2 μg/kg, mean 0.07 μg/kg, and median 0.05 μg/kg in 2001.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Raisins are one of the most nutritious dried fruits in the world. The occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in raisins results from contamination and growth of ochratoxigenic fungi and short-term humid weather during drying. The estimation of the dietary exposure dose of OTA from raisins for the Czech population (children, adult) is presented. The risk of acute toxic effect of OTA was in the Czech Republic usually considered to be minimal. The risk of late toxic effects (particularly carcinogenic risk) after ingestion of very low single or repeated OTA doses from foodstuffs is very important.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites produced by several toxigenic microscopic fungi on a variety of crops, especially cereal grains and further foodstuffs. Series of experimental research projects on the determination of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A, patulin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, T-2 toxin, zearalenone, sterigmatocystin, alternaria toxins) in several foods were realized in the National Reference Centre for Microscopic Fungi and Mycotoxins in the 90(th) years. The aim of our work was an estimation of dietary exposure to mycotoxins and risk assessment. The method of a solid phase extraction (SPE), liquid - liquid extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography (f. e. R-Biopharm, VICAM) were used to elaborate for sample analyses of mycotoxins in our projects. The mycotoxins were detected most frequently by chromatographic methods (HPTLC, HPLC, GC) and immunochemical methods (ELISA). Average dietary exposure has been calculated by multiplying of concentration data for specific foods with their consumption rates per 1 kg of b. w. per day. The estimation of the dietary exposure dose of mycotoxins for the Czech population is presented.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH