Spatial reference frames (RFs) play a key role in spatial cognition, especially in perception, spatial memory, and navigation. There are two main types of RFs: egocentric (self-centered) and allocentric (object-centered). Although many fMRI studies examined the neural correlates of egocentric and allocentric RFs, they could not sample the fast temporal dynamics of the underlying cognitive processes. Therefore, the interaction and timing between these two RFs remain unclear. Taking advantage of the high temporal resolution of intracranial EEG (iEEG), we aimed to determine the timing of egocentric and allocentric information processing and describe the brain areas involved. We recorded iEEG and analyzed broad gamma activity (50-150 Hz) in 37 epilepsy patients performing a spatial judgment task in a three-dimensional circular virtual arena. We found overlapping activation for egocentric and allocentric RFs in many brain regions, with several additional egocentric- and allocentric-selective areas. In contrast to the egocentric responses, the allocentric responses peaked later than the control ones in frontal regions with overlapping selectivity. Also, across several egocentric or allocentric selective areas, the egocentric selectivity appeared earlier than the allocentric one. We identified the maximum number of egocentric-selective channels in the medial occipito-temporal region and allocentric-selective channels around the intraparietal sulcus in the parietal cortex. Our findings favor the hypothesis that egocentric spatial coding is a more primary process, and allocentric representations may be derived from egocentric ones. They also broaden the dominant view of the dorsal and ventral streams supporting egocentric and allocentric space coding, respectively.

• Klíčová slova
• Allocentric, Egocentric, High-frequency gamma activity, Intracranial EEG, Reference frames, Spatial judgment,
• MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mínění fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové vidění * MeSH
• vnímání prostoru * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Social desirability reporting leads to over estimations of church attendance. To date, researchers have treated over-reporting of church attendance as a general phenomenon, and have been unable to determine the demographic correlates of inaccuracy in these self-reports. By comparing over eight months of observational data on church attendance (n = 48 services) to self-report in a rural Fijian village, we find that 1) self-report does not reliably predict observed attendance, 2) women with two or more children (≥ 2) are more likely to over-report their attendance than women with fewer children (≤ 1), and 3) self-report of religiosity more reliably predicts observed church attendance than does self-report of church attendance. Further, we find that third-party judgements of church attendance by fellow villagers are more reliably associated with observed church attendance than self-report. Our findings suggest that researchers interested in estimating behavioral variation, particularly in domains susceptible to social desirability effects, should consider developing and employing third-party methods to mitigate biases inherent to self-report.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• náboženství * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• zpráva o sobě * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Fidži MeSH

The dissociation between egocentric and allocentric reference frames is well established. Spatial coding relative to oneself has been associated with a brain network distinct from spatial coding using a cognitive map independently of the actual position. These differences were, however, revealed by a variety of tasks from both static conditions, using a series of images, and dynamic conditions, using movements through space. We aimed to clarify how these paradigms correspond to each other concerning the neural correlates of the use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames. We review here studies of allocentric and egocentric judgments used in static two- and three-dimensional tasks and compare their results with the findings from spatial navigation studies. We argue that neural correlates of allocentric coding in static conditions but using complex three-dimensional scenes and involving spatial memory of participants resemble those in spatial navigation studies, while allocentric representations in two-dimensional tasks are connected with other perceptual and attentional processes. In contrast, the brain networks associated with the egocentric reference frame in static two-dimensional and three-dimensional tasks and spatial navigation tasks are, with some limitations, more similar. Our review demonstrates the heterogeneity of experimental designs focused on spatial reference frames. At the same time, it indicates similarities in brain activation during reference frame use despite this heterogeneity.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mínění fyziologie   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorová paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the depth description levels required in experimental tasks on visual space perception. Six observers assessed the locations of 11 posts by determining a distance ranking order, comparing the distances between posts with a reference unit, and estimating the absolute distances between the posts. The experiments were performed in an open outdoor field under normal daylight conditions with posts at distances ranging from 2 to 12 m. To directly assess and compare the observers' perceptual performance in all three phases of the experiment, the raw data were transformed to common measurement levels. A pairwise comparison analysis provided nonmetric information regarding the observers' relative distance judgments, and a multidimensional-scaling procedure provided metric information regarding the relationship between a perceived spatial layout and the layout of the actual scene. The common finding in all of the analyses was that the precision and consistency of the observers' ordinal distance judgments were greater than those of their ratio distance judgments, which were, in turn, greater than the precision and consistency of their absolute-magnitude distance judgments. Our findings raise questions regarding the ecological validity of standard experimental tasks.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění MeSH
• percepce vzdálenosti * MeSH
• vnímání prostoru * MeSH
• zraková percepce * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A collective understanding of economic impacts and in particular of monetary costs of biological invasions is lacking for the Nordic region. This paper synthesizes findings from the literature on costs of invasions in the Nordic countries together with expert elicitation. The analysis of cost data has been made possible through the InvaCost database, a globally open repository of monetary costs that allows for the use of temporal, spatial, and taxonomic descriptors facilitating a better understanding of how costs are distributed. The total reported costs of invasive species across the Nordic countries were estimated at $8.35 billion (in 2017 US$ values) with damage costs significantly outweighing management costs. Norway incurred the highest costs ($3.23 billion), followed by Denmark ($2.20 billion), Sweden ($1.45 billion), Finland ($1.11 billion) and Iceland ($25.45 million). Costs from invasions in the Nordics appear to be largely underestimated. We conclude by highlighting such knowledge gaps, including gaps in policies and regulation stemming from expert judgment as well as avenues for an improved understanding of invasion costs and needs for future research.

• Klíčová slova
• Economic impact, InvaCost, Invasive species, Knowledge gaps, Nordic countries,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Finsko MeSH
• Island MeSH
• Norsko MeSH
• Skandinávie a severské státy MeSH
• Švédsko MeSH