PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to capture the difference between the groups in direct relation to the type of electrode array insertion during cochlear implantation (CI). The robotic insertion is expected to be a more gently option. As recent studies have shown, there is a difference in perception of visual vertical (SVV) and postural control related to the CI. We assume that there can be differences in postural control and space perception outcomes depending on the type of the surgical method. METHODS: In total, 37 (24 females, mean age ± SD was 42.9 ± 13.0) candidates for CI underwent an assessment. In 14 cases, the insertion of the electrode array was performed by a robotic system (RobOtol, Colin, France) and 23 were performed conventionally. In all of these patients, we performed the same examination before the surgery, the first day, and 3 weeks after the surgery. The protocol consists of static posturography and perception of visual vertical. RESULTS: The both groups, RobOtol and conventional, responded to the procedure similarly despite the dissimilar electrode insertion. There was no difference between two groups in the dynamic of perception SVV and postural parameters. Patients in both groups were statistically significantly affected by the surgical procedure, SVV deviation appeared in the opposite direction from the implanted ear: 0.90° ± 1.25; - 1.67° ± 3.05 and - 0.19° ± 1.78 PRE and POST surgery (p < 0.001). And this deviation was spontaneously adjusted in FOLLOW-UP after 3 weeks (p < 0.01) in the both groups. We did not find a significant difference in postural parameters between the RobOtol and conventional group, even over time. CONCLUSION: Although the robotic system RobOtol allows a substantial reduction in the speed of insertion of the electrode array into the inner ear, our data did not demonstrate a postoperative effect on vestibular functions (SVV and posturography), which have the same character and dynamics as in the group with standard manual insertion. REGISTRATION NUMBER: The project is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (registration number: NCT05547113).

• Klíčová slova
• Adults, Cochlear implantation, Hearing loss, Posturography, Robot-assisted surgery, Subjective visual vertical,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kochleární implantace * metody   MeSH
• kochleární implantáty MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posturální rovnováha * fyziologie   MeSH
• roboticky asistované výkony * metody   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru * fyziologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Materials exhibit an extraordinary range of visual appearances. Characterizing and quantifying appearance is important not only for basic research on perceptual mechanisms but also for computer graphics and a wide range of industrial applications. Although methods exist for capturing and representing the optical properties of materials and how they vary across surfaces (Haindl & Filip, 2013), the representations are typically very high-dimensional, and how these representations relate to subjective perceptual impressions of material appearance remains poorly understood. Here, we used a data-driven approach to characterizing the perceived appearance characteristics of 30 samples of wood veneer using a "visual fingerprint" that describes each sample as a multidimensional feature vector, with each dimension capturing a different aspect of the appearance. Fifty-six crowd-sourced participants viewed triplets of movies depicting different wood samples as the sample rotated. Their task was to report which of the two match samples was subjectively most similar to the test sample. In another online experiment, 45 participants rated 10 wood-related appearance characteristics for each of the samples. The results reveal a consistent embedding of the samples across both experiments and a set of nine perceptual dimensions capturing aspects including the roughness, directionality, and spatial scale of the surface patterns. We also showed that a weighted linear combination of 11 image statistics, inspired by the rating characteristics, predicts perceptual dimensions well.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dřevo * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• vnímání tvaru fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a structural spinal deformity that can affect the position of the head. One of the etiological hypotheses is that it can be caused by dysfunction of the vestibular system, which can cause abnormal perception of subjective visual vertical (SVV). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the differences in head position and its possible correlation with the perception of SVV in children with IS. METHODS: We examined 37 patients with IS and 37 healthy individuals. The position of the head was evaluated from digital photographs, where we compared the coronal head tilt and the coronal shoulder angle. Measurement of SVV perception was performed using the Bucket method. RESULTS: Coronal head tilt values were significantly different between the groups (median 2.3° [interquartile range 1.8-4.2] vs 1.3° [0.9-2.3], p = 0.001; patients vs. controls). There was a significant difference in SVV between the groups (2.33° [1.40-3.25] vs 0.50° [0.41-1.10], p < 0.001; patients vs controls). There was a correlation between the side of head tilt and the side of SVV in patients with IS (χ2 = 5.6, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IS had a greater head tilt in the coronal plane and impaired SVV perception.

• Klíčová slova
• Head tilt, space orientation, spine deformity, vestibular function,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• skolióza * MeSH
• vestibulární aparát * MeSH
• vnímání prostoru MeSH
• zraková percepce MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Spatial reference frames (RFs) play a key role in spatial cognition, especially in perception, spatial memory, and navigation. There are two main types of RFs: egocentric (self-centered) and allocentric (object-centered). Although many fMRI studies examined the neural correlates of egocentric and allocentric RFs, they could not sample the fast temporal dynamics of the underlying cognitive processes. Therefore, the interaction and timing between these two RFs remain unclear. Taking advantage of the high temporal resolution of intracranial EEG (iEEG), we aimed to determine the timing of egocentric and allocentric information processing and describe the brain areas involved. We recorded iEEG and analyzed broad gamma activity (50-150 Hz) in 37 epilepsy patients performing a spatial judgment task in a three-dimensional circular virtual arena. We found overlapping activation for egocentric and allocentric RFs in many brain regions, with several additional egocentric- and allocentric-selective areas. In contrast to the egocentric responses, the allocentric responses peaked later than the control ones in frontal regions with overlapping selectivity. Also, across several egocentric or allocentric selective areas, the egocentric selectivity appeared earlier than the allocentric one. We identified the maximum number of egocentric-selective channels in the medial occipito-temporal region and allocentric-selective channels around the intraparietal sulcus in the parietal cortex. Our findings favor the hypothesis that egocentric spatial coding is a more primary process, and allocentric representations may be derived from egocentric ones. They also broaden the dominant view of the dorsal and ventral streams supporting egocentric and allocentric space coding, respectively.

• Klíčová slova
• Allocentric, Egocentric, High-frequency gamma activity, Intracranial EEG, Reference frames, Spatial judgment,
• MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mínění fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové vidění * MeSH
• vnímání prostoru * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

PURPOSE: To describe clinical visual outcomes, spectacle independence, and patient satisfaction after cataract surgery with blending implantation of ReSTOR (Alcon laboratories) multifocal intraocular lenses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single-arm, non-randomized prospective study assessed patients undergoing cataract surgery with ReSTOR® +2.50 intraocular lens in the dominant eye and +3.00 add in the fellow eye between January 2015 to January 2020. RESULTS: In total, 47 patients (94 eyes) were enrolled, 28 women and 19 men. The average age at surgery time was 64 ±8 years, average postoperative follow-up was 45.4 ±7.0 months, with a minimum of 18.9 months. Postoperative binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was on average 0.07 logMar (Snellen 20/24), uncorrected binocular intermediate visual acuity at 65 cm was 0.07 logMar (20/24), uncorrected binocular near visual acuity at 40 cm was 0.06 logMar (20/23). Contrast sensitivity under photopic and scotopic conditions, with and without glare, remained at the upper limit of normality. 98% of patients were quite satisfied or very satisfied. 87% did not require glasses for any activities, either at distant vision, nor at near vision. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery with ReSTOR® IOL blended vision showed medium-term satisfactory visual results, achieving spectacle independence and a high level of satisfaction.

• Klíčová slova
• Cataract surgery, ReSTOR, blended vision, intraocular lens, spectacle independence,
• MeSH
• citlivost na kontrast MeSH
• fakoemulzifikace * MeSH
• implantace nitrooční čočky metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multifokální intraokulární čočky * MeSH
• nitrooční čočky * MeSH
• osobní uspokojení MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• protézy - design MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spokojenost pacientů MeSH
• vidění binokulární MeSH
• zkalení zadního pouzdra čočky * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cochlear implantation (CI) is associated with changes in the histopathology of the inner ear and impairment of vestibular function. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of our study were to evaluate patients for clinical manifestations of space perception and balance changes before surgery, compare them with asymptomatic subjects (controls), and report changes in posturography and subjective visual vertical (SVV) during the acute post-surgery period in patients. METHODS: Examination was performed using static posturography and the SVV measurement. We examined 46 control subjects and 39 CI patients. Patients were examined pre-surgery (Pre), 2nd day (D2) and then 14th day (D14) after implantation. RESULTS: Baseline SVV was not different between patients and control group. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) in SVV between subgroups of right- and left-implanted patients at D2 (-1.36±3.02° and 2.71±2.36°, right and left side implanted respectively) but not Pre (0.76±1.07° and 0.31±1.82°) or D14 (0.72±1.83° and 1.29±1.60°). Baseline posturography parameters between patients and control group were statistically significantly different during stance on foam with eyes closed (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in posturography among Pre, D2 and D14. CONCLUSIONS: CI candidates have impaired postural control before surgery. CI surgery influences perception of subjective visual vertical in acute post-surgery period with SVV deviation contralateral to side of cochlear implantation, but not after two weeks.

• Klíčová slova
• Vestibular function, adults, inner ear surgery, posturography, space perception,
• MeSH
• kochleární implantace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posturální rovnováha MeSH
• vestibulární aparát * MeSH
• vnímání prostoru MeSH
• zraková percepce MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Accurately predicting contact between our bodies and environmental objects is paramount to our evolutionary survival. It has been hypothesized that multisensory neurons responding both to touch on the body, and to auditory or visual stimuli occurring near them-thus delineating our peripersonal space (PPS)-may be a critical player in this computation. However, we lack a normative account (i.e., a model specifying how we ought to compute) linking impact prediction and PPS encoding. Here, we leverage Bayesian Decision Theory to develop such a model and show that it recapitulates many of the characteristics of PPS. Namely, a normative model of impact prediction (i) delineates a graded boundary between near and far space, (ii) demonstrates an enlargement of PPS as the speed of incoming stimuli increases, (iii) shows stronger contact prediction for looming than receding stimuli-but critically is still present for receding stimuli when observation uncertainty is non-zero-, (iv) scales with the value we attribute to environmental objects, and finally (v) can account for the differing sizes of PPS for different body parts. Together, these modeling results support the conjecture that PPS reflects the computation of impact prediction, and make a number of testable predictions for future empirical studies.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• hmat fyziologie   MeSH
• hmatová percepce * fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony MeSH
• osobní prostor * MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The paper describes the process of designing a simple fiducial marker. The marker is meant for use in augmented reality applications. Unlike other systems, it does not encode any information, but it can be used for obtaining the position, rotation, relative size, and projective transformation. Also, the system works well with motion blur and is resistant to the marker's imperfections, which could theoretically be drawn only by hand. Previous systems put constraints on colors that need to be used to form the marker. The proposed system works with any saturated color, leading to better blending with the surrounding environment. The marker's final shape is a rectangular area of a solid color with three lines of a different color going from the center to three corners of the rectangle. Precise detection can be achieved using neural networks, given that the training set is very varied and well designed. A detailed literature review was performed, and no such system was found. Therefore, the proposed design is novel for localization in the spatial scene. The testing proved that the system works well both indoor and outdoor, and the detections are precise.

• Klíčová slova
• augmented reality, computer vision, deep learning, fiducial marker, neural network,
• MeSH
• augmentovaná realita * MeSH
• neuronové sítě (počítačové) MeSH
• vnímání prostoru MeSH
• zaměřovací značky pro radioterapii * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Visuospatial perspective-taking (VPT) is a process of imagining what can be seen and how a scene looks from a location and orientation in space that differs from one's own. It comprises two levels that are underpinned by distinct neurocognitive processes. Level-2 VPT is often studied in relation to two other cognitive phenomena, object mental rotation (oMR) and theory of mind (ToM). With the aim to describe the broad picture of neurocognitive processes underlying level-2 VPT, here we give an overview of the recent behavioral and neuroscientific findings of level-2 VPT. We discuss its relation to level-1 VPT, which is also referred to as perspective-tracking, and the neighboring topics, oMR and ToM. Neuroscientific research shows that level-2 VPT is a diverse cognitive process, encompassing functionally distinct neural circuits. It shares brain substrates with oMR, especially those parietal brain areas that are specialized in spatial reasoning. However, compared to oMR, level-2 VPT involves additional activations in brain structures that are typically involved in ToM tasks and deal with self/other distinctions. In addition, level-2 VPT has been suggested to engage brain areas coding for internal representations of the body. Thus, the neurocognitive model underpinning level-2 VPT can be understood as a combination of visuospatial processing with social cognition and body schema representations.

• Klíčová slova
• Embodiment, Medial prefrontal cortex, Object mental rotation, Temporoparietal junction, Theory of mind, Visuospatial perspective-taking,
• MeSH
• imaginace fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozková kůra fyziologie   MeSH
• teorie mysli fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Nearby flanking objects degrade visual resolution. If the flankers are similar to the acuity target, this influence is called crowding (CW), whereas if the flanking stimuli are simple bars then the phenomenon is known as contour interaction (CI). The aim of this study was to compare the influence of the number and position of flankers on foveal CW and CI to investigate possible differences in mechanism of these two effects. Five normal observers viewed single, foveally presented Sloan letters surrounded by 1, 2 or 4 flankers (either a Sloan letter or one-stroke-width bars), presented at several edge-to-edge separations. Single flankers were presented in the right, left, top or bottom position, 2 flankers were placed equally to the right and left or top and bottom of the central target, and 4 flankers were equally spaced in all four directions. Percent correct letter identification was determined for each type, number, position and separation of flankers and confusion matrices were constructed for separations equal to 20% and 100% letter width. Increasing the number of flankers caused an increase in the magnitude of both phenomena. CW showed a greater magnitude than CI for higher numbers of flankers. Analysis of confusion matrices suggests that in addition to the edge-to-edge interaction that appears to mediate CI, letter substitution and feature pooling contribute significantly to CW when higher numbers of flankers are presented. Foveal CW is more strongly influenced by an increase in the number of flankers than CI, which can be explained by the presence of additional interaction effects.

• Klíčová slova
• Confusion matrices, Contour interaction, Crowding, Fovea, Number of flankers, Position of flankers,
• MeSH
• fovea centralis * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nahuštění v prostoru MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu MeSH
• vnímání tvaru * MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH