Although current treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia is most effective, cardiovascular mortality still remains at 50 % in industrialized countries. This could be explained by the rather high contribution of the inflammatory process to atherogenesis development. Use of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) determination in several large epidemiological studies has made it possible to document increased risk of myocardial infarction in individuals with slightly increased hsCRP concentrations, which could thus serve as a discriminatory factor in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. However, the situation is not that simple since hsCRP concentrations correlate significantly with BMI, age and smoking as major cardiovascular risk factors. Increased proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages in visceral adipose tissue has also been shown to rise with BMI, age (differently in men and women) and non-HDL-cholesterol levels. It has been suggested that the pro-inflammatory status induced by a higher proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages in visceral adipose tissue acts synergistically in atherogenesis development. Key words: atherosclerosis - cardiovascular disease - inflammation.

• Klíčová slova
• atherosclerosis - cardiovascular disease - inflammation,
• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * imunologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• zánět * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein MeSH
• mediátory zánětu MeSH

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza etiologie   imunologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce komplikace   imunologie   MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• virové nemoci komplikace   imunologie   MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• komentáře MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

Chronic venous disease and cardiovascular atherothrombotic diseases have a high prevalence worldwide. The aetiopathogenesis of both these vascular conditions may share certain aetiopathogenetic moments. Abnormal blood flow, altered intravascular tension, and subsequent endothelial dysfunction may all play an important role. Another plausible alternative is the correlation of some risk factors of both diseases, in particular obesity and metabolic syndrome with all its components and an impact on atherogenesis as well as chronic venous disease. The relationship may even be causal, that is a chronic vessel wall inflammation which is present in advanced venous insufficiency might accelerate atherogenesis. On the other hand, altered haemodynamics in right ventricular dysfunction with a subsequent elevation in venous pressure can worsen or induce venous insufficiency, and/or undoubtedly cause symptoms and signs typical of chronic venous disease. As suggested by the findings published recently in the Gutenberg Health Study, particularly its subanalysis regarding the relationship of venous disease and cardiovascular diseases, the venous and arterial beds can be affected by common aetiopathogenetic factors or both the systems can interfere with each other.

• Klíčová slova
• Atherosclerosis, Gutenberg Health Study, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, chronic venous disease, inflammation, probiotics,
• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolický syndrom * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• žilní insuficience * komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Atherosclerosis is guided by chronicle inflammation process. In the last decades of the 20th century, studies considering infection another possible risk factor of atherosclerosis development were written. Helicobacter pylori, Porphyromas gingivalis, some viruses but most frequently Chlamydia pneumonie are infection agens mentioned in these studies. Some of them emphasize also combined infections caused by more pathogenic factors having influence on vascular inflammation. Serological, epidemiological, histological and imunological studies show the pathogenic influence of acute or chronic infections. Many studies selected makrolid antibiotics as treatment in patients with ischaemic heart disease. However, existing experience with antibiotics did not bring clear results. These studies have mentioned the fact antibiotics have not been indicated as treatment in patients with acute or chronic vascular system infliction by atherosclerosis. Since the experimental and clinical research of influence of inflammations on the development of atherosclerosis moved forward a lot, no exact evidence of this complicated pathogenic mechanism was given. It will obviously take some time to confirm whether the relation between infections and artherosclerosis is causal, i.e. initiating the pathogenic process, accelerating it or keeping it alive.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ateroskleróza farmakoterapie   imunologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce komplikace   imunologie   MeSH
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Chlamydophila komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• virové nemoci komplikace   imunologie   MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

Chronic low grade inflammation is relatively new concept in metabolic medicine. This concept describes the relations between the inflammation and adipose tissue, insulin resistence, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Macrophages and lymphocytes deposed in adipose tissue produce proinflammatory cytokines which directly or through the CRP liver secretion are targeting endothelial cells, hepatocytes and beta cells of Langerhans islets of pancreas. The dysfunction of these cells follows often further disturbances and in case of beta cells - the cell death. The connection between the adipose tissue insulin resistence, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes was earlier described with endocrine and metabolic descriptors. The concept of chronic low grade inflammation creates also another description of multilateral connections in metabolic syndome. The salicylates and the drugs related to them seem to have some glucose lowering properties. The recent development in the field ofchronic low grade inflammation represents also certain therapeutic hope for antiinflammatory intervention in type 2 diabetes.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolický syndrom komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• obezita komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zánět komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic inflammation has been recognized as one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms' initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Statins belong to most successful therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of atherothrombotic vascular disease. Their non-lipid related effects including suppression of inflammation have been repeatedly proven in both experimental and clinical settings. RECENT FINDINGS: Recently, the importance of inflammation in the process of atherosclerosis has been confirmed by interventions targeting inflammation selectively. Clinical trial with selective inhibitor of a principal inflammatory mediator interleukin 1-beta - canakinumab - confirmed the notion of direct vasculoprotective effects of primarily targeting inflammation. This has increased interest in the non-lipid, pleiotropic and, particularly, anti-inflammatory effects of statins. Anti-inflammatory effects of statins have been proven both experimentally and in clinical settings beyond any doubt. They comprise a direct positive effect on not only many cell types and pathways that are lipid independent but, also, some that are mediated by lipid modification. Undoubtedly, suppression of inflammatory response by statins contributes to their generally positive action in atherosclerosis and represents an important part of the vasculo- and atheroprotective effect of this drug class.

• Klíčová slova
• Atherosclerosis, Biomarkers, Cardiovascular, Endothelial function, Inflammation, Pleiotropy, Statins,
• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• statiny * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zánět farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• statiny * MeSH

Atherosclerosis is a degenerative inflammatory disease of the vascular wall, which is characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that contain lipids, activated smooth muscle cells, immune cells, foam cells, a necrotic core and calcified sites. In atherosclerosis pathology, monocytes and macrophages play the most important role by accumulating redundant LDL particles in their oxidized form and producing proinflammatory cytokines. Atherosclerotic plaque macrophages reveal distinct phenotypes that are distinguished into M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages. Numerous environmental signals (cytokines, microbial cell molecules) that are received by macrophages drive their polarization, but it must be determined whether this classification reflects different macrophage subtypes or plasticity and phenotypic tissue changes, but the balance between subsets is crucial. M1 macrophages are dominant in symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques, while M2 macrophages are more frequent in asymptomatic plaques. Nevertheless, a positive correlation of both M1 and M2 macrophages with atherosclerotic lesion severity was also observed.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   MeSH
• zánět diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH

Excessive LDL cholesterol concentration together with subclinical inflammation, in which macrophages play a central role, are linked pathologies. The process starts with the accumulation of macrophages in white adipose tissue and the switch of their polarization toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. The proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue is related to the main risk predictors of cardiovascular disease. The cholesterol content of phospholipids of cell membranes seems to possess a crucial role in the regulation of membrane signal transduction and macrophage polarization. Also, different fatty acids of membrane phospholipids influence phenotypes of adipose tissue macrophages with saturated fatty acids stimulating pro-inflammatory whereas omega3 fatty acids anti-inflammatory changes. The inflammatory status of white adipose tissue, therefore, reflects not only adipose tissue volume but also adipose tissue macrophages feature. The beneficial dietary change leading to an atherogenic lipoprotein decrease may therefore synergically reduce adipose tissue driven inflammation.

• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy metabolismus   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• tuková tkáň * metabolismus   MeSH
• zánět metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mastné kyseliny MeSH

Atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations are characterised by ongoing arterial wall inflammation. Innate and adaptive imunity patterns are involved in all stages of atherosclerosis. Intensity of inflammation, more advanced proatherogenic imunity activity enhance development of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Efforts to control inflammation and imune proatherogenic patterns face considerable problems, but recent clinical studies offer promissing results. Statins have antiinflammatory effect, but PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies not. SGLT2 inhibitors (gliflozins) have a proven antiinflammatory effect and this might partly explain their protective CV effect. Recent clinical studies, COLCOT with colchicine and CANTOS with cinakinumab decreased inflammatory activity, CV mortality and incidence of defined CV endpoints. Other approaches to control inflammation in atherosclerosis are considered, namely blocation of proatherogenic cytokins by specific antibodies and intervention of metabolism of inflammatory cells. Vaccination against PCSK9 is being developed. Further studies may aim on active IL-1beta - IL-6 axis blocation nad on blocation of proatherogenic cytosins. Patients with signs of persistent inflammation, with specified inflammatory stage and with atherosclerotic leasion more precisely defined will be included.

• Klíčová slova
• Atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, inflammation and imunity in atherosclerosis, inflammation and imunity influencing,
• MeSH
• antiflogistika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ateroskleróza * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antiflogistika MeSH
• PCSK9 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 MeSH

Current evidence suggests that the significant underlying pathophysiological mechanism in erectile dysfunction (ED) is endothelial dysfunction. It is clinically essential to monitor ED because inflammatory processes lead to dysfunctional endothelium and the progression of atherosclerosis. The current retrospective analysis assessed the registers of 90 patients with ED complaints (ED group) and 78 healthy people without ED complaints (control group) who were being managed at the urology units of the surgical outpatient clinic. The international index of erectile function-5 (IIEF-5) evaluated the ED. C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR) value was determined by manually dividing serum CRP value by the albumin value in patients whose CRP value was between 0 and 5 mg/l. The average CAR was 0.45 ± 0.37 (ED group) versus 0.22 ± 0.1 in the control group (p=0.0001). IIEF-5 results were negatively correlated with CAR values (r=-0.299; p=0.0001). The strongest cut-off of CAR for predicting ED was 0.025, with 81.8% sensitivity and 75% specificity (p=0.0001). The ED group showed higher levels of CAR and CRP than the control group. CAR can be used as a practical, easy-to-calculate, and cost-effective index in diagnosing ED patients.

• Klíčová slova
• Albumin, C-reactive protein, Erectile dysfunction, IIEF, Inflammation,
• MeSH
• ateroskleróza * MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein analýza   MeSH
• erektilní dysfunkce * diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• zánět diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• C-reaktivní protein MeSH