Results of sensitivity testing were discussed based on examination of 5192 isolates of the various bacteria isolated from clinical specimens from King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae were sensitive to penicillin and erythromycin. The sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus was also predictable as they were fairly sensitive to both methicillin (98%) and erythromycin (96%). Neisseria gonorrhoeae (27%) showed a high level of resistance to penicillin. The resistance of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin and chloramphenicol was low. Brucella species was sensitive to tetracycline and rifampicin; resistance to streptomycin and cotrimoxazole was minimal being 1% and 6% respectively. The resistance of E. coli, Klebsiella species and Proteus species to second and third generation cephalosporins and amikacin was fairly low ranging from 1.3% to 3%. The gentamicin resistance for these organisms was also within the acceptable range (3%-10%). Gentamicin and amikacin resistance for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was low (2-8%). Salmonella typhi was sensitive to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella species, and enteropathogenic E. coli were highly resistant to various antibiotics. Campylobacter jejuni was sensitive to gentamicin but 6% of isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Ninety six percent of Gram-negative rods except P. aeruginosa isolated from urine of patients having urinary tract infections were sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. In addition, P. aeruginosa showed fairly low resistance to norfloxacin which is given orally to treat cystitis caused by this organism.

• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence * MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• nemocnice univerzitní MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Saudská Arábie MeSH

Selective reporting of antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) results is one possible laboratory-based antibiotic stewardship intervention. The primary aim of this study was to identify where and how selective reporting of AST results is implemented in Europe both in inpatient and in outpatient settings. An ESCMID cross-sectional, self-administered, internet-based survey was conducted among all EUCIC (European Committee on Infection Control) or EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) national representatives in Europe and Israel. Of 38 countries, 36 chose to participate in the survey. Selective reporting of AST results was implemented in 11/36 countries (31%), was partially implemented in 4/36 (11%) and was limited to local initiatives or was not adopted in 21/36 (58%). It was endorsed as standard of care by health authorities in only three countries. The organisation of selective reporting was everywhere discretionally managed by each laboratory, with a pronounced intra- and inter-country variability. The most frequent application was in uncomplicated community-acquired infections, particularly urinary tract and skin and soft-tissue infections. The list of reported antibiotics ranged from a few first-line options, to longer reports where only last-resort antibiotics were hidden. Several barriers to implementation were reported, mainly lack of guidelines, poor system support, insufficient resources, and lack of professionals' capability. In conclusion, selective reporting of AST results is poorly implemented in Europe and is applied with a huge heterogeneity of practices. Development of an international framework, based on existing initiatives and identified barriers, could favour its dissemination as one important element of antibiotic stewardship programmes.

• Klíčová slova
• Antibiotic prescription, Antibiotic resistance, Antibiotic stewardship, Antibiotic susceptibility testing, Questionnaire, Selective reporting,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dodržování směrnic MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• spotřeba léčiv normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Izrael MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

Clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of diarrhoea and colitis, especially in elderly patients. The incidence of these diseases has increased during the last 10 years. Emergence of so-called hypervirulent strains is considered as one of the main factors responsible for the more severe disease and changed profile of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. The aim of this work was to determine the sensitivity profile of toxigenic strains of C. difficile in the Czech Republic in 2011-2012 to selected antibiotics. The antibiotics clindamycin, metronidazole, vancomycin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid were used for this purpose. Isolates cultured on Brazier's C. difficile selective agar were analysed for the presence of toxin genes using Xpert detection system. Xpert analysis revealed that 33 strains carried the genes for toxins tcdB, cdt and tcdCΔ117, thus showing characteristics typical for the hypervirulent ribotype 027/PFGE type NAP1/REA type B1. The remaining 29 strains carried only the gene for toxin B (tcdB) and not cdt and tcdCΔ117. Our results indicate the higher susceptibility of C. difficile hypertoxigenic strains to three out of four tested antibiotics (except vancomycin) than it is for the other toxigenic strains. We found that only 10.34% of other toxigenic strains were resistant to clindamycin, and no resistance was found in all other cases. All the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in vitro. However, its use is not recommended for therapy of infections caused by C. difficile.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
• prohibitiny MeSH
• pseudomembranózní enterokolitida diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny MeSH
• PHB2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• prohibitiny MeSH

Volatiles produced by bacterial cultures are known to induce regulatory and metabolic alterations in nearby con-specific or heterospecific bacteria, resulting in phenotypic changes including acquisition of antibiotic resistance. We observed unhindered growth of ampicillin-sensitive Serratia rubidaea and S. marcescens on ampicillin-containing media, when exposed to volatiles produced by dense bacterial growth. However, this phenomenon appeared to result from pH increase in the medium caused by bacterial volatiles rather than alterations in the properties of the bacterial cultures, as alkalization of ampicillin-containing culture media to pH 8.5 by ammonia or Tris exhibited the same effects, while pretreatment of bacterial cultures under the same conditions prior to antibiotic exposure did not increase ampicillin resistance. Ampicillin was readily inactivated at pH 8.5, suggesting that observed bacterial growth results from metabolic alteration of the medium, rather than an active change in the target bacterial population (i.e. induction of resistance or tolerance). However, even such seemingly simple mechanism may provide a biologically meaningful basis for protection against antibiotics in microbial communities growing on semi-solid media.

• Klíčová slova
• Escherichia coli, Serratia sp., ammonia, ampicillin tolerance, antibiotic degradation, volatiles,
• MeSH
• amoniak metabolismus   MeSH
• ampicilin chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• rezistence na ampicilin MeSH
• Serratia účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amoniak MeSH
• ampicilin MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH

The aim of this work was to compare production of endotoxin and to determine susceptibility to antibiotics in two groups of specimens-wild-type strains Ochrobactrum anthropi isolated from the environment and the strains isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. The determination of the endotoxin produced by the test strains was carried on by using a limulus amebocyte lysate test (LAL test). Determination of ATB sensitivity was accomplished by means of a broth dilution method in a microtiter plate (MIC). No significant difference was found between the group of ochrobacters isolated from the environment and the group of ochrobacters isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Antibiotic sensitivity testing has indicated that the resistance to tigecycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin was slightly higher in strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients in comparison with strains isolated from the environment. In general, most of the test strains were sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested. Significant resistance has been demonstrated for cefotaxime. Resistance was also found for gentamicin in strains number 4 and 7. The MIC was equal to the breakpoint for this antibiotic (8000 mg/L).

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• cystická fibróza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• endotoxiny metabolismus   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Limulus test MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Ochrobactrum anthropi účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• endotoxiny MeSH

Twenty-three pyrenomycete species were tested for antibiotic activity in submerged cultures. When they were screened against bacteria and fungi, 15 showed positive results. Among these, Eutypa acharii, Diaporthe pustulata, Melanconis flavovirens and Camarops microspora were quite promising against bacteria and/or fungi. An antibacterial antibiotic from Camarops microspora was partially purified and characterized.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   MeSH
• Ascomycota analýza   MeSH
• Bacillus subtilis účinky léků   MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky MeSH
• Candida účinky léků   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• ponoření * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

This study evaluates the development of resistance in Gram-negative rods to cefotaxime and ceftazidime, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and amikacin, meropenem and ampicillin/sulbactam over a five year period of use (1994-1998) at the University Hospital in Olomouc, Czech Republic. The development of bacterial resistance was linked with antibiotic use and hence selective pressure which was specific for the type of antibiotic and the bacterial species. Statistically significant correlations were found for the use of ofloxacin and resistance in Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Providencia rettgeri; cefotaxime and Enterobacter cloacae; ceftazidime and Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter agglomerans and Proteus vulgaris; and gentamicin and Proteus mirabilis.

• MeSH
• aminoglykosidy MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence MeSH
• antiinfekční látky farmakologie   MeSH
• fluorochinolony MeSH
• gramnegativní bakterie účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• laktamy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminoglykosidy MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• antiinfekční látky MeSH
• fluorochinolony MeSH
• laktamy MeSH

Eight antibiotics (aztreonam, ceftazidim, cefoperazon, cefepim, netilmicin, amikacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) exhibited antimicrobial activity individually and/or in combinations against 20 wild-type biofilm-forming strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strains were less susceptible in biofilm; in 10 strains antibiotic synergy was observed for the combination of aztreonam and ciprofloxacin. Synergy was also demonstrated in the case of beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, and for monobactams and beta-lactams although the strains were resistant to the individual antibiotics. Synergism or partial synergism was found with one or more antibiotic combinations against 32.4% of isolates.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• pseudomonádové infekce farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• synergismus léků MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH

Among the 345 F. tularensis holarctica strains isolated in Europe, Asia and North America, two variants were found: one sensitive and the other resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin. These characteristics were not associated with virulence, antigenicity, biochemical activity or source of isolation and displayed high stability in passages in laboratory animals or multiple passages in culture media. The two variants are proposed to be designated as biotype (biovar) I, erythromycin sensitive (erys), and biotype (biovar)II, erythromycin resistant (eryR). A predominance of biotype I was observed for western Europe, eastern Siberia and the Far East, as well as North America, whereas biotype II prevailed in central Europe, the European part of USSR, especially the south, and western Siberia. The distribution of biotype II largely coincided with the habitat area of Arvicola terrestris, from which it was isolated with the highest frequency. Within the areas of biotype II prevalence, erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics, as well as lincomycin should not be used for tularemia therapy.

• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence MeSH
• erythromycin farmakologie   MeSH
• Francisella tularensis účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• linkomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• oleandomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dálný východ MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• SSSR MeSH
• Názvy látek
• erythromycin MeSH
• linkomycin MeSH
• oleandomycin MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Thermotolerant species of the genus Campy-lobacter are the important agents causing human foodborne infections throughout the world. The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of nine putative virulence genes in Campylobacter spp. isolated from patients and from foods (poultry meat, pork liver), to determine the resistance of Campylobacter isolates to eight antibiotic agents and to detect four resistance genes.Matherial and methods: The presence of the virulence genes cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, virB11, ciaB, wlaN, iam, dnaJ and racR was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 94 Campylobacter spp. isolates from humans and 123 campylobacters from foods. The phenotypic resistance to selected antimicrobial agents was tested with microdilution method in 82 human isolates and 91 food isolates. The isolates with antibiograms were tested for the presence of blaOXA-61, tet(O), aph-3-1 and cmeB genes by PCR with specific primers. RESULTS: In both human and food C. jejuni isolates the preva-lence of the studied virulence genes, especially dnaJ, racR, ciaB genes and the toxigenic genes cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, was considerably higher than in C. coli isolates. The only exception was the iam gene identified in only C. coli. The tested isolates of both C. jejuni and C. coli were highly resistant to quinolone antibiotics. Additionally, C. coli was also more resistant to erythromycin, streptomycin and, in case of isolates from pork liver, to tetracycline. High prevalence rates of genes encoding antibiotic resistance was noted for the blaOXA-61 and tet(O) genes in both Campylobacter species. CONCLUSIONS: The presented study is the first to assess the presence of genes for virulence and resistance to antibiotics in thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and foods in the Czech Republic. The resistance of Campylobacter isolates to eight antibiotic agents was also assessed. The prevalence of genes responsible for virulence and resistance is rather varied in thermotolerant Campylobacter spp.

• Klíčová slova
• Campylobacter - foodborne infections - virulence genes - resistance genes.,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * genetika   MeSH
• Campylobacter * účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• kampylobakterové infekce * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• virulence * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH