OBJECTIVES: Emerging evidence suggests that the use of safer nicotine products (SNPs), such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs) poses significantly lower health risks than continued smoking, particularly over the short and medium term. However, it remains uncertain whether the public has been adequately informed about these relative risks. This study assesses the perceived relative harm of e-cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes in Ukraine. METHODS: Two nationally representative surveys were conducted in February 2021 and December 2022. Participants, irrespective of their smoking status, were asked whether they agreed with the statement that "using e-cigarettes is more harmful than smoking conventional cigarettes". The surveys also included questions about tobacco product usage, the most dangerous substances in cigarettes, and smoking cessation methods. The data were statistically analysed by deriving design-based weighted point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the proportions within each response category. RESULTS: In 2022, 38.1% (95% CI: 35.3-40.9) of adults believed that e-cigarettes were more harmful than cigarettes and the perception of relative harm remained relatively unchanged between the two surveys. Furthermore, 56.2% (95% CI: 50.0-62.2) of current cigarette smokers agreed with this statement, while only a small percentage of vapers (e-cigarette users) 7.4% (95% CI: 1.5-30.0) perceived e-cigarettes as more harmful than conventional cigarettes. Among non-smokers and dual users the share was 33.4% (95% CI: 30.0-36.9) and 32.7% (95% CI: 25.1-41.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that in Ukraine the perception that e-cigarettes are more harmful than cigarettes, or the lack of knowledge regarding relative risks, prevails. This highlights the importance of accurate risk communication to promote a harm reduction approach to tobacco use.

• Klíčová slova
• SNPs, e-cigarettes, perceived harm, smoking, tobacco harm reduction,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kouření epidemiologie   MeSH
• kuřáci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odvykání kouření * MeSH
• systémy dodávající nikotin elektronicky * MeSH
• tabákové výrobky * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: In order to reduce injecting drug use, low-threshold facilities in the Czech Republic have started to distribute empty gelatine capsules as an oral alternative of drug application for those injecting methamphetamine. This report reviews implementation of this intervention and its possible benefits and limitations. METHODS: Between December 2008 and January 2009, 109 low-threshold facilities were asked to complete a questionnaire about the capsule programmes. Two focus groups were conducted, one with professionals involved in distribution and one with peer outreach workers who were interviewed on their experience of using the capsules. RESULTS: A total of 50 facilities (46%) responded to the questionnaire; 16 (32%) distributed the capsules regularly and 19 (38%) were planning to introduce this practice. The main target groups were injecting users of methamphetamine whose veins had been damaged, and methamphetamine users wishing to reduce injecting. The advantages of capsules, as perceived by service staff and peer outreach workers, were their easy use and the satisfactory effect of the oral application; health risks related to the oral use of methamphetamine were considered drawbacks. CONCLUSION: Capsule distribution is a promising harm reduction approach for injectors of methamphetamine or other stimulants; nonetheless its benefits and limitations should be further analysed in an in-depth longitudinal study.

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• farmaceutická chemie MeSH
• hodnocení programu MeSH
• injekce intravenózní MeSH
• intravenózní abúzus drog prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methamfetamin aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• pomocné látky chemie   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním amfetaminu rehabilitace   MeSH
• příprava léků MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• snížení rizika poškození * MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• tobolky MeSH
• želatina chemie   MeSH
• zjišťování skupinových postojů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methamfetamin MeSH
• pomocné látky MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému MeSH
• tobolky MeSH
• želatina MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Long-term isolation, including lockdowns and quarantines, may have a distressing effect on anyone experiencing it. Adolescent brain architecture is very sensitive to environmental adversities, and the mental health development of adolescents may be particularly vulnerable during the pandemic era. In order to better understand the triggers for perceived adolescent stress (PSS) during the COVID-19 lockdown, the present study aimed to assess the effects of social well-being and changes in time use during the lockdown, as well as the family COVID experience of adolescents. METHODS: The sample for this study comprised n = 3,440 adolescents (54.2% girls; mean age = 13.5 ± 1.6 years). Bayesian correlations between PSS, health and well-being variables were assessed. PSS was then modeled as an outcome variable in a series of nested Bayesian multilevel regression models. RESULTS: The negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown was more apparent in girls. PSS was moderately correlated with adolescent health and well-being. The strongest predictor of higher level of PSS was frequent feeling of loneliness. On the contrary, lower level of PSS was most associated with having someone to talk to. CONCLUSION: Long-term social isolation of adolescents could be harmful to their mental health. Psychological coping strategies to prevent the consequences of social isolation and development of mental health problems should be promoted on the individual, family, and even community level.

• Klíčová slova
• Bayesian multilevel regression, COVID-19 lockdown, HBSC, adolescent, perceived stress,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We know that suicide is preventable, yet hundreds of thousands of people still die due to suicide every year. Many interventions were proven to be effective, and dozens of others showed promising results. However, translating these interventions into new settings brings several challenges. One of the crucial obstacles to success is not anticipating possible barriers to implementation nor enhancing possible benefits of factors facilitating the implementation. While we witnessed great support for suicide prevention activities globally in the past years, implementation barriers and facilitating factors are yet to be comprehensively mapped to help implementation activities worldwide. This scoping review maps current knowledge on facilitators and barriers to the implementation of suicide prevention interventions while using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) for classification. We included 64 studies. Barriers and facilitators were most commonly identified in the outer setting CFIR domain, namely in the sub-domain of patient needs and resources, which refers to the way in which these needs and resources are reflected by the reviewed interventions. The second most saturated CFIR domain for facilitators was intervention characteristics, where relative advantage, adaptability and cost of intervention sub-domains were equally represented. These sub-domains refer mostly to how the intervention is perceived by key stakeholders, to what extent it can be tailored to the implementation context and how much it costs. While intervention characteristics domain was the second most common also for barriers, the complexity sub-domain referring to high perceived difficulty of implementation was the most frequently represented. With reference to the results, we recommend adapting interventions to the needs of the target groups. Furthermore, carefully selecting the intervention to suit the target context concerning their adaptability, costs and complexity is vital for a successful implementation. Further implications for practice and research are discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• barriers, facilitators, implementation, interventions, self-harm, suicide,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• scoping review MeSH

Innovative Work Behavior (IWB) of employees is one of the essential requirements for organizations to excel in competition in today's dynamic world. Nowadays, organizations can keep the current pace through competitive advantage. But to acquire competitive advantage, employees must be creative and innovative in their work-related behaviors. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan are suffering several challenges in this regard. Therefore, current study is designed to examine the role of negative events and negative leadership on the IWB of the employees with mediating role of Psychological Well-being (PsyWB). Further, the moderating role of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has also been tested. The negative event used in current research is Workplace Incivility (WPI) and Despotic Leadership (DL) from the negative leadership styles examined. Results of the current study showed that the presence of WPI and DL in organizations damage the IWB of employees as they harm the PsyWB of employees. We find that PsyWB mediated the relationship among DL, WPI, and IWB. POS is helpful for employees to overcome the negative issues prevailing in the organizations. The SMEs need to construct policies to eradicate WPI and must discourage despotic personalities to make the environment favorable for employees to protect their IWB. There must be some events that can increase the positive PsyWB of employees to make them more creative and motivated. Likewise, POS must be at sufficient level so that employees feel safe and healthy in all respects.

• Klíčová slova
• Despotic leadership, Innovative work behavior, Perceived organizational support, Psychological well-being, Small and medium enterprises, Workplace incivility,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We used data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to examine patterns of cigarette smoking behavior and tobacco use. In light of the recent upsurge in e-cigarette use, we modeled current use and future intentions to use vape products along with combustible cigarette smoking and other tobacco products (i.e., cigars, cigarillos, chew, snuff, and dip). Latent class analyses indicated four discrete classes of smokers including a nominally involved class with very modest levels of tobacco product use, a class blending e-cigarette and cigars, a class of youth who predominantly use combustible cigarettes, and a group reporting indiscriminate use of almost all tobacco products excluding chew. Tests of invariance in item response probabilities and latent class proportions showed little variation across race and gender, albeit a new class of combustible cigarette and e-cigarette users emerged when examined by grade. Members of the heavy smoking and tobacco use class were more likely to be male, White, and older. Predictors of class membership included expectancies (perceived benefits of use), perceived harm (risk), media exposure, tobacco dependence, and the desire to quit. Findings are discussed in terms of characterizing risk among already smoking youth and how actionable prevention measures can be incorporated into existing universal and indicated programs that target reducing tobacco use and smoking behaviors.

• Klíčová slova
• e-cigarettes, explanatory predictor, latent class analysis, multinomial logistic regression, smoking behavior, tobacco survey,
• MeSH
• analýza latentních tříd MeSH
• kouření cigaret epidemiologie   MeSH
• kouření tabáku trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku epidemiologie   MeSH
• rasové skupiny MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• systémy dodávající nikotin elektronicky MeSH
• tabákové výrobky MeSH
• vaping epidemiologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Research reveals that discrimination has harmful effects on health and quality of life. Among the most frequent types of discrimination pertains gender and age discrimination. Research results show that discriminatory behaviours based on gender afflict predominantly women; age discrimination afflicts mainly older adults. At the same time, it has been found that members of these traditionally discriminated categories often use strategies that mitigate the effects of discrimination. HYPOTHESES: Discrimination will have detrimental effects on subjective well-being. But its effects will be most harmful for persons who are not members of the traditionally discriminated categories. METHODS: These hypotheses were tested on data from three waves of the European Social Survey that the Czech Republic also participated in. Data were analyzed in a series of multilevel random coefficients regression analyses with respondents nested within states and states nested within years of study. RESULTS: Both perceived gender discrimination and perceived age discrimination have negative effects on subjective well-being. However, gender discrimination had more harmful effects on the subjective well-being of men than women and age discrimination had the most harmful effects on the subjective well-being of people in their middle ages, not the elderly ones. CONCLUSION: Discrimination does not need to have most harmful effects on the quality of life of members of the categories that are discriminated against most often.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kvalita života psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• percepce MeSH
• předsudek * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zdravotní stav * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is often started irrespective of comorbidity or cause of arrest. We aimed to determine the prevalence of perception of inappropriate CPR of the last cardiac arrest encountered by clinicians working in emergency departments and out-of-hospital, factors associated with perception, and its relation to patient outcome. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 288 centres in 24 countries. Factors associated with perception of CPR and outcome were analyzed by Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests and conditional logistic models. RESULTS: Of the 4018 participating clinicians, 3150 (78.4%) perceived their last CPR attempt as appropriate, 548 (13.6%) were uncertain about its appropriateness and 320 (8.0%) perceived inappropriateness; survival to hospital discharge was 370/2412 (15.3%), 8/481 (1.7%) and 8/294 (2.7%) respectively. After adjusting for country, team and clinician's characteristics, the prevalence of perception of inappropriate CPR was higher for a non-shockable initial rhythm (OR 3.76 [2.13-6.64]; P < .0001), a non-witnessed arrest (2.68 [1.89-3.79]; P < .0001), in older patients (2.94 [2.18-3.96]; P < .0001, for patients >79 years) and in case of a "poor" first physical impression of the patient (3.45 [2.36-5.05]; P < .0001). In accordance, non-shockable and non-witnessed arrests were both associated with lower survival to hospital discharge (0.33 [0.26-0.41]; P < 0.0001 and 0.25 [0.15-0.41]; P < 0.0001, respectively), as were older patient age (0.25 [0.14-0.44]; P < 0.0001 for patients >79 years) and a "poor" first physical impression (0.26 [0.19-0.35]; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The perception of inappropriate CPR increased when objective indicators of poor prognosis were present and was associated with a low survival to hospital discharge. Factoring clinical judgment into the decision to (not) attempt CPR may reduce harm inflicted by excessive resuscitation attempts.

• Klíčová slova
• Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Inappropriate care, Out-of-hospital, Perception,
• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kardiopulmonální resuscitace škodlivé účinky   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• klinické rozhodování MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• percepce MeSH
• postoj zdravotnického personálu MeSH
• procedury zbytečné psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• urgentní zdravotnické služby metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zástava srdce mimo nemocnici mortalita   terapie   MeSH
• zbytečná diagnóza a terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

One of the debates about media usage is the potential harmful effect that it has on body image and related eating disturbances because of its representations of the "ideal body". This study focuses on the drive for thinness among the visitors of various health-oriented websites and online platforms because neither has yet been sufficiently studied in this context. Specifically, this study aims to bring more insight to the risk factors which can increase the drive for thinness in the users of these websites. We tested the presumption that web content internalization is a key factor in this process, and we considered the effects of selected individual factors, specifically the perceived online social support and neuroticism. We utilized survey data from 445 Czech women (aged 18-29, M = 23.5, SD = 3.1) who visited nutrition, weight loss, and exercise websites. The results showed a positive indirect link between both perceived online social support and neuroticism to the drive for thinness via web content internalization. The results are discussed with regard to the dual role of online support as both risk and protective factor. Moreover, we consider the practical implications for eating behavior and weight-related problems with regard to prevention and intervention.

• Klíčová slova
• drive for thinness, health-oriented websites, neuroticism, online social support, web content internalization,
• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hubenost * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuroticismus * MeSH
• poruchy příjmu potravy * MeSH
• představa o vlastním těle * MeSH
• pud * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Individuals who visit nightclubs and electronic dance music (EDM) festivals tend to use psychoactive substances, often multiple substances, in this setting and are at risk of serious negative health effects. This paper aims to explore respondents' experiences and perceptions in order to have a better understanding of patterns and motives related to psychoactive substance use and high-risk behaviours in EDM event attendees. METHODS: In-depth and focus group interviews with 30 EDM event attendees who reported psychoactive substance use at nightlife events. The data was analysed using the Nvivo-v.10 software. RESULTS: Mixing multiple substances to get the desired effects was common. Ecstasy was often combined with Jager (alcohol). Drug use in nightlife settings occurred in a group of friends and was perceived as an essential part of having a good time. Most participants reported that they did not use drugs outside nightlife settings. The dangerous synthetic hallucinogen NBOMe was still on the scene. The respondents had a very low level of knowledge about, and perception of, the risks associated with drug consumption. Knowledge about risk minimisation strategies was very low or non-existent. CONCLUSIONS: Polydrug use and a lack of perceived harmful effects put drug-using nightlife attendees at increased risk of negative health consequences. Future research should focus on identifying strategies to raise the awareness of people who use drugs in nightlife settings and encourage them to employ health protection strategies. Using the social network infrastructure can be thought of as one potentially beneficial approach.

• Klíčová slova
• Club Drugs, Country of Georgia, Nightlife,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH