Intimate partner violence (IPV) among university students is a prevalent problem in many countries; however, it is not currently recognized in Kosovo as a social issue in terms of research, prevention, and intervention. The aim of this article was to examine the relationship between violence socialization experiences, approval of violence, and IPV perpetration/victimization among university students in Kosovo. The questionnaires were administrated to a convenience sample of 700 students of University of Prishtina who were in relationship for 1 month or longer. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2) was used for measuring physical, psychological, and sexual violence, whereas for measuring violence socialization and violence approval, scales from Personal and Relationships Profile (PRP) were used. Findings from this study show that there were statistically significant gender differences in terms of socialization and approval of violence among university students. Similarly, perpetrators and victims of IPV (physical, psychological, and sexual violence) showed higher rates of socialization of violence and tolerance toward IPV. Besides, findings indicate that approval of violence mediates the relationship between socialization of violence and IPV perpetration and victimization, for both genders. The implications of the current findings within a cultural context are also discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• dating violence, domestic violence, intergenerational transmission of trauma, violence exposure,
• MeSH
• analýza mediace MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• násilí mezi partnery psychologie   MeSH
• násilí psychologie   MeSH
• postoj * MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• socializace * MeSH
• sociální chování * MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• univerzity MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kosovo epidemiologie   MeSH

Background: Data on Roma women's experience of violence from their male partners are very scarce. We explored the process of actual domestic violence against Roma women, the threat of violence and its health consequences. We further focused on barriers in the availability of specialized support services aimed at eliminating domestic violence. Methods: The sample included 20 Roma women living throughout Slovakia: scattered among the majority (45.0%), in crisis centers and sheltered houses (40.0%), and in segregated Roma settlements (15.0%). Data were obtained through qualitative research by means of semi-structured interviews in 20 individual case studies. All 20 women had experienced a combination of violence: physical, psychological and economic, all of them connected with social isolation. Results: Prevailing gender stereotypes are a precondition of domestic violence against women, regardless of their status. Violence against Roma women resulted in several health consequences, and all of the 20 women suffered from these. Most of them reported general psychological problems (75%), among which anxiety and depression (25%), headache (25%), weight loss (10%) and health problems connected with motor activity (5%). The barriers include lack of awareness among Roma women of any specialised support services and the absence of such services for abused women in the region. Conclusions: Domestic violence results in serious psychological and physical health consequences. Violence elimination is generally set up without a specific ethnic or gender approach. Disregard of these specifics can lead to deepening of the uneven position of Roma women within the family, community and society, and the acceptance of violence against Roma women.

• Klíčová slova
• Roma women, handicaps, health consequences, intimate partner violence,
• MeSH
• domácí násilí * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• násilí mezi partnery * MeSH
• Romové * MeSH
• sexuální partneři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex phenomenon and some research suggests that there are qualitatively distinct IPV types. However, little is known about the risk factors associated with different IPV types. METHODS: Data from Violence against women: an European Union (EU)-wide survey, conducted by the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights was used. Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to identify distinct IPV patterns based on the intensity of eight forms of violence by current partners (n=30 675). Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was used to examine individual and country-level risk factors associated with the outcome IPV patterns. RESULTS: A five-class solution was selected based on the LCA results. Two classes encompassed severe coercive IPV: the intimate terrorism class (1.5%) also comprised extensive physical violence whereas the high coercive control class (2.0%) did not. The partner's alcohol abuse, violent behaviour outside the relationship and the woman's abuse in childhood were the main individual factors positively associated with IPV. The country's gender equality levels were negatively associated with the odds of experiencing intimate terrorism (adjusted OR, aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.56) and high coercive control (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.85) versus no IPV. Although the effects of most individual risk factors were found universally for all IPV patterns, the strongest associations were typically revealed for the intimate terrorism pattern. CONCLUSION: The results support the importance of coercive control as a factor differentiating between IPV types and also highlight the need to consider IPV typologies in research. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• gender, multilevel modelling, public health, violence,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• násilí mezi partnery * MeSH
• násilí MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sexuální partneři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The issue of domestic violence is neglected in current medical practice and the dia-gnosis associated with it thus escapes the attention of medical professionals. In this case report, we demonstrate rare and typical diseases of abused women, which should become warning signs for physicians (red flags) and lead them to screen domestic violence and intervene early. Failure to recognize domestic abuse as the cause of chronic health problems leads to lasting consequences and economically and personally burdens the health care system. Healthcare professionals of all specialties encounter abused women during their clinical practice and can thus actively participate in the prevention of domestic violence. However, it is women of reproductive age who are most at risk, so educating gynecologists and obstetricians on this issue is crucial. The aim of this article with a case study is to demonstrate the syndrome of a battered woman, its recognition and the possibility of immediate and brief intervention.

• Klíčová slova
• Domestic violence, chronic subdural haematoma, chronic subdural hematoma, domestic violence, postdural puncture headache,
• MeSH
• bité ženy * MeSH
• domácí násilí * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• gynekologie * MeSH
• lékaři * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Research on gender-based violence describes domestic violence by male partners as a major public health issue and serious human rights violation. Many studies have been conducted in Kosovo to understand the factors that contribute to violence against women. The present study aims to examine the experiences of battered women and their understanding of the violence from an ecological framework, by asking questions regarding personal, situational, and socio-cultural factors. The study is qualitative, consisting of 50 in-depth interviews with victims of domestic violence, and uses a grounded theory approach to identify main themes of the women's experiences. Findings from the study suggest that poverty, a patriarchal culture, strictly defined gender roles, and lack of programs for reintegrating victims subordinate women and leave them susceptible to domestic violence.

• Klíčová slova
• domestic violence, patriarchal culture, victims, violent experiences,
• MeSH
• bité ženy psychologie   MeSH
• domácí násilí etnologie   psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kosovo etnologie   MeSH

The negative effects of community violence exposure on child and adolescent mental health are well documented and exposure to community violence has been linked both to a number of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Our aim was, therefore, to investigate cross-cultural and gender differences in the relationship between community violence exposure and substance abuse. A self-report survey was conducted among 10,575, 12-18 year old adolescents in three different countries, Czech Republic (N = 4537), Russia (N = 2377) and US (N = 3661). We found that in all three countries both substance use and problem behavior associated with it increased similarly along with severity of violence exposure and this association was not gender-specific. It was concluded that in spite of the differences in the levels of violence exposure and substance use cross-culturally and by gender, the pattern of their association is neither culturally nor gender bound.

• Klíčová slova
• Adolescents, Community violence exposure, Gender, Substance use,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• genderová identita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• násilí psychologie   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek komplikace   MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• vystavení násilí psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rusko MeSH

It has been suggested that in threatening environments, both women and men should prefer more masculine men as romantic and coalition partners, respectively. Empirical evidence for this hypothesis has been weak or inconsistent, primarily because most experimental research has focused on elevating the perceived danger from other men through virtual threats. This study investigates whether personal experience with violence predicts the preference for masculine features in 326 Senegalese participants presented with pairs of manipulated facial photographs of West African men (one more feminine, one more masculine) and asked to indicate which face is more attractive (to women) or more trustworthy (to men). The findings reveal a strong association between violence exposure and facial feature preferences. Those who experienced (particularly physical) violence showed a higher preference for masculinized faces (up to 95% in women, 82% in men) compared to the baseline (57% in women, 63% in men). This difference is proposed to reflect an adaptive strategy of prioritizing physical protection in settings with a higher incidence of violent confrontations. Much of the variance can be found between groups. The direct effect of experienced violence diminishes over time, which suggests a dynamic interplay between innate predispositions and environmental influences on aesthetic preferences.

• Klíčová slova
• attractiveness, contextual preferences, evolutionary psychology, facial masculinity, trustworthiness, violence exposure,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužskost MeSH
• násilí MeSH
• obličej * MeSH
• výběrové chování MeSH
• vystavení násilí psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Senegal MeSH

Intimate partner violence (IPV) causes substantial physical and psychological trauma. Restrictions introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including lockdowns and movement restrictions, may exacerbate IPV risk and reduce access to IPV support services. This cross-sectional study examines IPV during COVID-19 restrictions in 30 countries from the International Sexual HeAlth and REproductive Health (I-SHARE) study conducted from July 20th, 2020, to February, 15th, 2021. IPV was a primary outcome measure adapted from a World Health Organization multicountry survey. Mixed-effects modeling was used to determine IPV correlates among participants stratified by cohabitation status. The sample included 23,067 participants from 30 countries. A total of 1,070/15,336 (7.0%) participants stated that they experienced IPV during COVID-19 restrictions. A total of 1,486/15,336 (9.2%) participants stated that they had experienced either physical or sexual partner violence before the restrictions, which then decreased to 1,070 (7.0%) after the restrictions. In general, identifying as a sexual minority and experiencing greater economic vulnerability were associated with higher odds of experiencing IPV during COVID-19 restrictions, which were accentuated among participants who were living with their partners. Greater stringency of COVID-19 restrictions and living in urban or semi-urban areas were associated with lower odds of experiencing IPV in some settings. The I-SHARE data suggest a substantial burden of IPV during COVID-19 restrictions. However, the restrictions were correlated with reduced IPV in some settings. There is a need for investing in specific support systems for survivors of IPV during the implementation of restrictions designed to contain infectious disease outbreaks.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, IPV, Lockdown, global, physical violence, sexual assault, sexual coercion, sexual violence, social science,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• násilí mezi partnery * psychologie   MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• reprodukční zdraví MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sexuální partneři psychologie   MeSH
• sexuální zdraví * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To describe age and gender specific time trends in adolescent violence across 19 countries over 28 years. METHODS: The paper presents analysis of eight cycles of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study from 1994-2022, involving 789,531 children aged 11, 13, and 15. Indicators of violence included physical fighting, school bullying and cyberbullying (from 2018). Log-binomial regression models were used to test for linear temporal trends, with Generalized Estimating Equations used to account for clustering by country. RESULTS: School bullying perpetration and victimization declined over time in each age/gender group in most countries. Similar declines were reported for frequent physical fighting among boys (all ages) and girls (age 15 only). The prevalence of violent behaviour was almost universally higher in boys in the early cycles than in girls, but this gender difference attenuated over time. For cyberbullying, significant increases were observed since 2018 in all groups except age 15 girls in most countries. CONCLUSION: This analysis of a large cross-national dataset suggests a decline in traditional forms of adolescent violence. However, the increases in cyberbullying warrant further monitoring.

• Klíčová slova
• adolescent health, bullying, cyberbullying, fighting, violence,
• MeSH
• chování mladistvých MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kyberšikana statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• násilí * statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• oběti zločinu statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• šikana * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Severní Amerika epidemiologie   MeSH

Ending all violence against children by 2030 is a core part of Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 16. A number of promising violence reduction strategies have been identified in research studies. However, we lack an understanding of the implementation and impact of these programs in respect to their delivery at a large scale or within existing service systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We advocate for greater collaboration between researchers, policymakers, donors, governments, non-governmental organizations, and program managers and staff to study how violence prevention programs operate on a large scale. We describe a new initiative aiming to foster such collaborations in the field of family strengthening programs.

• Klíčová slova
• implementation science, parenting, parenting (MeSH), violence against children and adolescents, violence—prevention and control,
• MeSH
• chudoba MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• násilí * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• organizace MeSH
• příjem MeSH
• rozvojové země * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH