OBJECTIVE: To identify the etiology of a novel, heritable encephalopathy in a small group of patients. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pattern analysis was used to select patients with the same pattern. Homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing (WES) were performed to find the causal gene mutations. RESULTS: Seven patients from 4 families (2 consanguineous) were identified with a similar MRI pattern characterized by T2 signal abnormalities and diffusion restriction in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, often also optic radiation, brainstem tracts, and cerebellar white matter, in combination with delayed myelination and progressive brain atrophy. Patients presented with early infantile onset encephalopathy characterized by progressive microcephaly, seizures, variable cardiac defects, and early death. Metabolic testing was unrevealing. Single nucleotide polymorphism array revealed 1 overlapping homozygous region on chromosome 20 in the consanguineous families. In all patients, WES subsequently revealed recessive predicted loss of function mutations in ITPA, encoding inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase). ITPase activity in patients' erythrocytes and fibroblasts was severely reduced. INTERPRETATION: Until now ITPA variants have only been associated with adverse reactions to specific drugs. This is the first report associating ITPA mutations with a human disorder. ITPase is important in purine metabolism because it removes noncanonical nucleotides from the cellular nucleotide pool. Toxicity of accumulated noncanonical nucleotides, leading to neuronal apoptosis and interference with proteins normally using adenosine triphosphate/guanosine triphosphate, probably explains the disease. This study confirms that combining MRI pattern recognition to define small, homogeneous patient groups with WES is a powerful approach for providing a fast diagnosis in patients with an unclassified genetic encephalopathy.

Department of Child Neurology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam the Netherlands

Department of Child Neurology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam the Netherlands Department of Functional Genomics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research VU University Amsterdam the Netherlands

Department of Clinical Genetics Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands

Department of Clinical Genetics VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands

Department of Pediatric Neurology Birmingham Children's Hospital Birmingham United Kingdom

Department of Pediatrics 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and General University Hospital Prague Prague Czech Republic

Division of Biochemical Diseases Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia British Columbia Children's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam VU University Amsterdam the Netherlands Department of Clinical Chemistry Metabolic Unit VU University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands

References provided by Crossref.org