Centromeres are composed of long arrays of satellite repeats in most multicellular eukaryotes investigated to date. The satellite repeat-based centromeres are believed to have evolved from "neocentromeres" that originally contained only single- or low-copy sequences. However, the emergence and evolution of the satellite repeats in centromeres has been elusive. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) provides a model system for studying centromere evolution because each of its 12 centromeres contains distinct DNA sequences, allowing comparative analysis of homoeologous centromeres from related species. We conducted genome-wide analysis of the centromeric sequences in Solanum verrucosum, a wild species closely related to potato. Unambiguous homoeologous centromeric sequences were detected in only a single centromere (Cen9) between the two species. Four centromeres (Cen2, Cen4, Cen7, and Cen10) in S. verrucosum contained distinct satellite repeats that were amplified from retrotransposon-related sequences. Strikingly, the same four centromeres in potato contain either different satellite repeats (Cen2 and Cen7) or exclusively single- and low-copy sequences (Cen4 and Cen10). Our sequence comparison of five homoeologous centromeres in two Solanum species reveals rapid divergence of centromeric sequences among closely related species. We propose that centromeric satellite repeats undergo boom-bust cycles before a favorable repeat is fixed in the population.

Department of Horticulture University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706

Department of Horticulture University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 Departmento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras MG 37200 Brazil

Department of Horticulture University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 People's Republic of China

Department of Horticulture University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 Triticeae Research Institute Sichuan Agricultural University Wenjiang Sichuan 611130 People's Republic of China

Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824

Departmento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras MG 37200 Brazil

Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Biology Centre ASCR Ceske Budejovice CZ 37005 Czech Republic

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