Centromeres in most multicellular eukaryotes are composed of long arrays of repetitive DNA sequences. Interestingly, several transposable elements, including the well-known long terminal repeat centromeric retrotransposon of maize (CRM), were found to be enriched in functional centromeres marked by the centromeric histone H3 (CENH3). Here, we report a centromeric long interspersed nuclear element (LINE), Celine, in Populus species. Celine has colonized preferentially in the CENH3-associated chromatin of every poplar chromosome, with 84% of the Celine elements localized in the CENH3-binding domains. In contrast, only 51% of the CRM elements were bound to CENH3 domains in Populus trichocarpa. These results suggest different centromere targeting mechanisms employed by Celine and CRM elements. Nevertheless, the high target specificity seems to be detrimental to further amplification of the Celine elements, leading to a shorter life span and patchy distribution among plant species compared with the CRM elements. Using a phylogenetically guided approach, we were able to identify Celine-like LINE elements in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and green ash tree (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). The centromeric localization of these Celine-like LINEs was confirmed in both species. We demonstrate that the centromere targeting property of Celine-like LINEs is of primitive origin and has been conserved among distantly related plant species.

Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Plant Molecular Biology České Budějovice 37005 Czech Republic

Department of Horticulture Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA

Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding Co Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China

Michigan State University AgBioResearch East Lansing MI 48824 USA

State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding Co Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China

The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China

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