Chitin and chitosan were obtained by chemical treatments of shrimp shells. Different particle sizes (50-1000 μm) of the raw material were used to study their effect on size distribution, demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation of chitin and chitosan isolation process. The particle size in the range of 800-1000 μm was selected to isolate chitin, which was achieved by measuring nitrogen, protein, ash, and yield %. Hydrochloric acid (5%, v/v) was optimized in demineralization step to remove the minerals from the starting material. Aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (5%, w/v) at 90 °C for (20 h) was used in deproteinization step to remove the protein. Pure chitin was consequently impregnated into high concentration of sodium hydroxide (50%) for 3.5 h at 90 °C to remove the acetyl groups in order to form high pure chitosan. The degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitosan was controlled and evaluated by different analytical tools. The chemical structure of chitin and chitosan was confirmed by elemental analysis, ATR-FTIR, H/C NMR, XRD, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TGA, and acid-base titration. The isolated chitin and chitosan from shrimp shell showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram (-ve) bacteria (Escherichia coli) comparing with commercial biopolymers.

Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Technicka 3058 10 616 00 Brno Czech Republic; Textile Research Division National Research Centre El Buhouth St P O Box 12311 Dokki Cairo Egypt

Chemistry and Development Department VCI Brazil Bauru SP Brazil

Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Fayoum University Fayoum Egypt

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 95 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic

Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy POBOX 2457 King Saud University P O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

Textile Research Division National Research Centre El Buhouth St P O Box 12311 Dokki Cairo Egypt; Petrochemical Research Chair Chemistry Department College of Science King Saud University P O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

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