This paper focuses on the design, realization, and verification of a novel phonocardiographic- based fiber-optic sensor and adaptive signal processing system for noninvasive continuous fetal heart rate (fHR) monitoring. Our proposed system utilizes two Mach-Zehnder interferometeric sensors. Based on the analysis of real measurement data, we developed a simplified dynamic model for the generation and distribution of heart sounds throughout the human body. Building on this signal model, we then designed, implemented, and verified our adaptive signal processing system by implementing two stochastic gradient-based algorithms: the Least Mean Square Algorithm (LMS), and the Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) Algorithm. With this system we were able to extract the fHR information from high quality fetal phonocardiograms (fPCGs), filtered from abdominal maternal phonocardiograms (mPCGs) by performing fPCG signal peak detection. Common signal processing methods such as linear filtering, signal subtraction, and others could not be used for this purpose as fPCG and mPCG signals share overlapping frequency spectra. The performance of the adaptive system was evaluated by using both qualitative (gynecological studies) and quantitative measures such as: Signal-to-Noise Ratio-SNR, Root Mean Square Error-RMSE, Sensitivity-S+, and Positive Predictive Value-PPV.

Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB Technical University of Ostrava 17 Listopadu 15 Ostrava 70833 Czech Republic

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Texas El Paso 500 W University Ave El Paso TX 79968 USA

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno Jihlavska 20 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Telecommunications Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB Technical University of Ostrava 17 Listopadu 15 Ostrava 70833 Czech Republic

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A New Approach for Testing Fetal Heart Rate Monitors

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compatible Non-Invasive Fibre-Optic Sensors Based on the Bragg Gratings and Interferometers in the Application of Monitoring Heart and Respiration Rate of the Human Body: A Comparative Study

Non-Adaptive Methods for Fetal ECG Signal Processing: A Review and Appraisal

Comparative Effectiveness of ICA and PCA in Extraction of Fetal ECG From Abdominal Signals: Toward Non-invasive Fetal Monitoring

Non-Invasive Fetal Monitoring: A Maternal Surface ECG Electrode Placement-Based Novel Approach for Optimization of Adaptive Filter Control Parameters Using the LMS and RLS Algorithms