PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the context of human developmental conditions, we review the conceptualisation of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder, the status of craniofacial dysmorphology as a clinically accessible index of brain dysmorphogenesis, the ability of genetically modified mouse models of craniofacial dysmorphology to inform on the underlying dysmorphogenic process and how geometric morphometric techniques in mutant mice can extend quantitative analysis. RECENT FINDINGS: Mutant mice with disruption of neuregulin-1, a gene associated meta-analytically with risk for schizophrenia, constitute proof-of-concept studies of murine facial dysmorphology in a manner analogous to clinical studies in schizophrenia. Geometric morphometric techniques informed on the topography of facial dysmorphology and identified asymmetry therein. SUMMARY: Targeted disruption in mice of genes involved in individual components of developmental processes and analysis of resultant facial dysmorphology using geometric morphometrics can inform on mechanisms of dysmorphogenesis at levels of incisiveness not possible in human subjects.

Institute of Mathematics and Statistics Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro Psychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China

Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland St Stephen's Green Dublin 2 Ireland

School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK

School of Medicine University College Cork Cork Ireland

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Functional data analysis and visualisation of three-dimensional surface shape