Despite the importance of cell membranes for maintenance of integrity of cellular structures, there is still a lack of methods that allow simple real-time visualization of their damage. Herein, we describe gadolinium-Schiff base-doped quantum dots (GdQDs)-based probes for a fast facile spatial labeling of membrane injuries. We found that GdQDs preferentially interact through electron-rich and hydrophobic residues with a specific sequence motif of NHE-RF2 scaffold protein, exposed upon membrane damage. Such interaction results in a fast formation of intensively fluorescent droplets with a higher resolution and in a much shorter time compared to immunofluorescence using organic dye. GdQDs have high stability, brightness, and considerable cytocompatibility, which enable their use in long-term experiments in living cultures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, demonstrating a method allowing real-time monitoring of membrane damage and recovery without any special requirements for instrumentation. Because of intensive brightness and simple signal pattern, GdQDs allow easy examination of interactions between cellular membranes and cell-penetrating peptides or cytostatic drugs. We anticipate that the simple and flexible method will also facilitate the studies dealing with host-pathogen interactions.

Central European Institute of Technology Brno University of Technology Purkynova 123 CZ 612 00 Brno Czech Republic

Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM UNAM Carretera Toluca Atlacomulco Km 14 5 Unidad San Cayetano CP 50200 Toluca Estado de México Mexico

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 CZ 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 PL 30 387 Krakow Poland

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