Antiplatelet drugs reduce the risks associated with atherothrombotic events and show various applications in diverse cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarctions. Efficacy of the current antiplatelet medicines including aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor, and the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, are limited due to their increased risks of bleeding, and antiplatelet drug resistance. Hence, it is important to develop new effective antiplatelet drugs, with fewer side-effects. The vast repertoire of natural peptides can be explored towards this goal. Proteins and peptides derived from snake venoms and plants represent exciting candidates for the development of novel and potent antiplatelet agents. Consequently, this review discusses multiple peptides that have displayed antiplatelet aggregation activity in preclinical drug development stages. This review also describes the antiplatelet mechanisms of the peptides, emphasizing the signaling pathways intervened by them. Also, the hurdles encountered during the development of peptides into antiplatelet drugs have been listed. Finally, hitherto unexplored peptides with the potential to prevent platelet aggregation are explored.

Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute University of Rochester Rochester New York

Applied Biotechnology Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center San Diego State University San Diego California

Department of Biotechnology Alagappa University Karaikudi India

Department of Drug Sciences Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section Pavia University Pavia Italy

Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Science University of Mauritius Réduit Mauritius

Department of Natural Drugs Faculty of Pharmacy University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno Czech Republic

Department of Pharmacy Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan Pakistan

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