The heart and lungs are intimately linked. Hence, impaired function of one organ may lead to changes in the other. Accordingly, heart failure is associated with airway obstruction, loss of lung volume, impaired gas exchange, and abnormal ventilatory control. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is an excellent tool for evaluation of gas exchange and ventilatory control. Indeed, many parameters routinely measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, including the level of minute ventilation per unit of carbon dioxide production and the presence of exercise oscillatory ventilation, have been found to be strongly associated with prognosis in patients with heart failure.

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care St Anne's University Hospital Pekarska 53 Brno 65691 Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center St Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Department of Cardiovascular Diseases Mayo Clinic 200 1st Street SW Rochester MN 55905 USA

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