Time perception is an essential part of our everyday lives, in both the prospective and the retrospective domains. However, our knowledge of temporal processing is mainly limited to the networks responsible for comparing or maintaining specific intervals or frequencies. In the presented fMRI study, we sought to characterize the neural nodes engaged specifically in predictive temporal analysis, the estimation of the future position of an object with varying movement parameters, and the contingent neuroanatomical signature of differences in behavioral performance between genders. The established dominant cerebellar engagement offers novel evidence in favor of a pivotal role of this structure in predictive short-term timing, overshadowing the basal ganglia reported together with the frontal cortex as dominant in retrospective temporal processing in the subsecond spectrum. Furthermore, we discovered lower performance in this task and massively increased cerebellar activity in women compared to men, indicative of strategy differences between the genders. This promotes the view that predictive temporal computing utilizes comparable structures in the retrospective timing processes, but with a definite dominance of the cerebellum.

Central European Institute of Technology CEITEC MU Behavioral and Social Neuroscience Research Group Masaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic; 1st Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University and St Anne's University Hospital 656 91 Brno Czech Republic

Central European Institute of Technology CEITEC MU Behavioral and Social Neuroscience Research Group Masaryk University 625 00 Brno Czech Republic; 1st Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University and St Anne's University Hospital 656 91 Brno Czech Republic; Department of Neurology School of Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

Department of Imaging Methods Masaryk University and St Anne's University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University and Teaching Hospital Brno 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

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Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Ageing

Quantitative but Not Qualitative Performance Changes in Predictive Motor Timing as a Result of Overtraining

Neural Scaffolding as the Foundation for Stable Performance of Aging Cerebellum

The mystery of the cerebellum: clues from experimental and clinical observations