Space and time are fundamental attributes of the external world. Deciphering the brain mechanisms involved in processing the surrounding environment is one of the main challenges in neuroscience. This is particularly defiant when situations change rapidly over time because of the intertwining of spatial and temporal information. However, understanding the cognitive processes that allow coping with dynamic environments is critical, as the nervous system evolved in them due to the pressure for survival. Recent experiments have revealed a new cognitive mechanism called time compaction. According to it, a dynamic situation is represented internally by a static map of the future interactions between the perceived elements (including the subject itself). The salience of predicted interactions (e.g. collisions) over other spatiotemporal and dynamic attributes during the processing of time-changing situations has been shown in humans, rats, and bats. Motivated by this ubiquity, we study an artificial neural network to explore its minimal conditions necessary to represent a dynamic stimulus through the future interactions present in it. We show that, under general and simple conditions, the neural activity linked to the predicted interactions emerges to encode the perceived dynamic stimulus. Our results show that this encoding improves learning, memorization and decision making when dealing with stimuli with impending interactions compared to no-interaction stimuli. These findings are in agreement with theoretical and experimental results that have supported time compaction as a novel and ubiquitous cognitive process.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• neuronové sítě * MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• rozhodování fyziologie   MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The human mind, trying to perceive events coherently, creates the illusion of continuous time passage. Empirical evidence suggests distortions in subjectively perceived time flow associated with well-studied neural responses to sensory stimuli. This study aimed to investigate whether visually uncomfortable patterns, causing exceptionally strong brain activation, affect short time estimates and whether these estimates vary based on the overall reported sensory sensitivity and cortical excitability of individuals. Two experiments in virtual reality testing our assumptions at different levels of complexity of timed stimuli provided initial insight into the studied processes in highly controlled and realistic conditions. Data analysis results did not support our hypotheses, but showed that subjectively most visually uncomfortable simple patterns, i.e., achromatic gratings, cause more variable temporal judgments. Supposedly, this inaccuracy depends on the currently perceived visual comfort and thus the current visual system sensitivity, which cannot be satisfactorily derived from trait-based measures. The exploration of the effect of complex stimuli, i.e., virtual exteriors, suggested that their visual comfort does not affect time perception at all. Biological sex was an important variable across experiments, as males experienced temporal compression of stimuli compared to females. Neuroimaging research is needed for a deeper investigation of the origin of these results.Protocol registration: The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this Registered Report was in-principle accepted on 4 March 2024 prior to data collection for hypothesis testing. The accepted version of the manuscript can be found in the publicly available OSF repository at https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/K3YZE .

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• virtuální realita MeSH
• vnímání času * fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The possibilities of substantial long-term improvement of predictive timing might be sometimes seen as limited, with scanty information of neural substrates underlying the potential learning process. To address this issue, we have investigated the performance of 21 baseball professionals and 21 matched controls in a predictive motor timing task previously shown to engage the cerebellum. Baseball players, hypothesized as a model of overtraining of the prediction of future state of the surroundings, showed significantly higher quantitative performance than nonathletic controls, with a substantial part of the baseball players reaching levels far beyond the range observed in common population. Furthermore, the qualitative performance profile of baseball players under various conditions as target speed and acceleration modes did not differ from the profile of healthy controls. Our results suggest that regular exigent training has the potential to vastly improve predictive motor timing. Moreover, the quantitative but not qualitative difference in the performance profile allows us to hypothesize that the selective honing of the same cerebellar processes and networks as in non-trained individuals is the substrate for the quantitative performance improvement, without substantial engagement of further neural nodes.

• MeSH
• baseball MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• sportovci * MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Time perception is an essential element of conscious and subconscious experience, coordinating our perception and interaction with the surrounding environment. In recent years, major technological advances in the field of neuroscience have helped foster new insights into the processing of temporal information, including extending our knowledge of the role of the cerebellum as one of the key nodes in the brain for this function. This consensus paper provides a state-of-the-art picture from the experts in the field of the cerebellar research on a variety of crucial issues related to temporal processing, drawing on recent anatomical, neurophysiological, behavioral, and clinical research.The cerebellar granular layer appears especially well-suited for timing operations required to confer millisecond precision for cerebellar computations. This may be most evident in the manner the cerebellum controls the duration of the timing of agonist-antagonist EMG bursts associated with fast goal-directed voluntary movements. In concert with adaptive processes, interactions within the cerebellar cortex are sufficient to support sub-second timing. However, supra-second timing seems to require cortical and basal ganglia networks, perhaps operating in concert with cerebellum. Additionally, sensory information such as an unexpected stimulus can be forwarded to the cerebellum via the climbing fiber system, providing a temporally constrained mechanism to adjust ongoing behavior and modify future processing. Patients with cerebellar disorders exhibit impairments on a range of tasks that require precise timing, and recent evidence suggest that timing problems observed in other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia may reflect disrupted interactions between the basal ganglia and cerebellum.The complex concepts emerging from this consensus paper should provide a foundation for further discussion, helping identify basic research questions required to understand how the brain represents and utilizes time, as well as delineating ways in which this knowledge can help improve the lives of those with neurological conditions that disrupt this most elemental sense. The panel of experts agrees that timing control in the brain is a complex concept in whom cerebellar circuitry is deeply involved. The concept of a timing machine has now expanded to clinical disorders.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozeček fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• konsensus - konference MeSH

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect many areas of the daily life of individuals and is associated with poor health outcomes and with debilitating deficits in executive function. Recently, increasing numbers of research studies have begun to investigate the associations between neural and behavioral manifestations of ADHD. This review summarizes recent research on the perception of time in ADHD and proposes that this symptom is a possible diagnostic characteristic. Controlled studies on time perception have compared individuals with ADHD with typically developing controls (TDCs) and have used methods that include the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Practical approaches to time perception and its evaluation have shown that individuals with ADHD have difficulties in time estimation and discrimination activities as well as having the feeling that time is passing by without them being able to complete tasks accurately and well. Although ADHD has been associated with neurologic abnormalities in the mesolimbic and dopaminergic systems, recent studies have found that when individuals with ADHD are treated medically, their perception of time tends to normalize. The relationship between ADHD and the perception of time requires greater attention. Further studies on time perception in ADHD with other abnormalities, including executive function, might be approaches that refine the classification and diagnosis of ADHD and should include studies on its varied presentation in different age groups.

• MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• hyperkinetická porucha komplikace   metabolismus   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This mini review aims to explore the intricate connection between ADHD and time perception along with some new findings on new treatments to manage ADHD symptoms. The topic of time perception is addressed from a variety of perspectives and with an understanding that although differences in time perception are not listed among the primary symptoms of the disorder, they are of the utmost importance to understand the condition and possibly new treatment plans. We also review some of the new findings on ADHD and time perception, and look at the usefulness of certain psychometric tools like the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory recent research into educational video games and apps for managing the disorder.

• Klíčová slova
• Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory,
• MeSH
• hra a hračky MeSH
• hyperkinetická porucha * psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vnímání času * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Libet's experiment is an influential classical study, which does not stop provoking heated debates. However, a full-scale replication has not been carried out to this day. Libet-style studies have usually focused on isolated ideas and concepts and never on the whole experiment in all its complexity. This paper presents detailed methodological description and results of a complex replication study. The methodology follows Libet's directions closely in most cases; when it does not, the differences are described and elaborated. The results replicate Libet's key findings, but substantial differences were found in some of the results' categories, such as the introspective reports or the number of readiness-potentials found. The discussion also addresses some current problems pertaining the methodology of the Libet-style experiments and provides some recommendations based on a detailed process evaluation.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• elektromyografie MeSH
• hmatová percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• kontingentní negativní variace fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• uvědomování si fyziologie   MeSH
• vědomí fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that Tourette syndrome (TS) might be associated with alterations of the attention system, but the nature of these alterations and the underlying neuroanatomical network remains elusive. We aimed at investigating the functional neuroanatomical modulators of attention allocation towards predictable versus unpredictable stimuli in boys with TS. METHODS: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we ran a harmonic expectancy violation paradigm in 17 boys with TS and 23 matched healthy controls (HCs). We presented chord sequence in which the first four chords induced a strong expectancy for a harmonic chord at the next position. In 70% this expectancy was fulfilled (harmonic), in 30% the expectancy was violated (disharmonic). RESULTS: HCs responded faster to the disharmonic compared to harmonic chords, indicating a stronger attention allocation towards unpredictable stimuli, while this effect was not found in boys with TS. HCs showed stronger anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation during disharmonic compared to harmonic chords. Boys with TS showed stronger ACC activation during harmonic chords, which was associated with greater tic severity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that boys with TS showed altered reactions towards predictable versus unpredictable stimuli in brain regions playing an important role in attention control. This might indicate altered allocation of attention towards those stimuli.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchová percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Tourettův syndrom diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The time of subjectively registered urge to move (W) constituted the central point of most Libet-style experiments. It is therefore crucial to verify the W validity. Our experiment was based on the assumption that the W time is inferred, rather than introspectively perceived. We used the rotating spot method to gather the W reports together with the reports of the subjective timing of actual movement (M). The subjects were assigned the tasks in two different orders. When measured as first in the respective session, no significant difference between W and M values was found, which suggests that uninformed subjects tend to confuse W for M reports. Moreover, we found that W values measured after the M task were significantly earlier than W values measured before M. This phenomenon suggests that the apparent difference between W and M values is in fact caused by the subjects' previous experience with M measurements.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• uvědomování si fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• vůle fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Časová percepce je jednou z dominantních kognitivních funkcí, která ovlivňuje naše vnímání a zpracování reality. Vnímání času operuje na různých časových škálách a podílejí se na něm různé neuronální mechanismy. V tomto článku se primárně zaměřujeme na časování, které operuje na škále desetin až desítek sekund (takzvané intervalové časování). Toto časování může podléhat kognitivní a volní kontrole. Existuje několik teoretických modelů intervalového časování, přesto přesný mechanismus není znám. Časová percepce je narušena při řadě neuropsychiatrických poruch, i když zůstává otázkou, zda se jedná o narušení primárního mechanismu časování, nebo zda jde o obecnější narušení kognitivních funkcí, které ovlivňuje i časovou percepci. Studium dysfunkcí v časové percepci u neuropsychiatrických poruch může jednak přispět k objasnění mechanismů, které se na časování podílejí, ale potenciálně by mohlo sloužit i k diagnostice či ke kognitivnímu tréninku u některých neuropsychiatrických onemocnění.

Time perception is one of the essential cognitive functions affecting our perception and processing of reality. Time perception operates on various time scales and involves various neuronal mechanisms. In this paper we focus on timing operating in the range of tenths to tens of seconds, so called interval timing. Interval timing can be under cognitive and volitional control. There are several theoretical models of interval timing but the precise mechanism is not known yet. Time perception may be altered in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the question of whether it stems from an impairment of the primary timing mechanism or from a general cognitive impairment, remains unsolved. Research focused on distortions of time perception in models of neuropsychiatric disorders may contribute to better understanding of basic mechanisms involved in timing. Potentially, it could also serve for diagnostics or cognitive training in particular neuropsychiatric disorders.

• MeSH
• afektivní psychózy patofyziologie   MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc patofyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie patofyziologie   MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času * fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH