Quinpirole (QNP) sensitization is a well-established model of stereotypical checking relevant to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Previously, we found that QNP-treated rats display deficits in hippocampus-dependent tasks. The present study explores the expression of immediate early genes (IEG) during QNP-induced stereotypical checking in the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Adult male rats were injected with QNP (0.5 mg/mL/kg; n = 15) or saline (n = 14) daily for 10 days and exposed to an arena enriched with two objects. Visits to the objects and the corners of the arena were recorded. QNP-treated rats developed an idiosyncratic pattern of visits that persisted across experimental days. On day 11, rats were exposed to the arena twice for 5 min and sacrificed. The expression of IEGs Arc and Homer1a was determined using cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescence in situ hybridization. IEG-positive nuclei were counted in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, ACC, OFC, and mPFC. We found significantly fewer IEG-positive nuclei in the CA1 in QNP-treated rats compared to controls. The overlap between IEG expressing neurons was comparable between the groups. We did not observe significant differences in IEG expression between QNP treated and control rats in ACC, OFC, and mPFC. In conclusion, treatment of rats with quinpirole decreases plasticity-related activity in the hippocampus during stereotypical checking.

• MeSH
• antagonisté dopaminu D2 farmakologie   MeSH
• chinpyrol farmakologie   MeSH
• cingulární gyrus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• neuroplasticita účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• okamžité časné geny MeSH
• pohybová aktivita účinky léků   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D2 metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory dopaminu D3 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese účinky léků   MeSH
• stereotypní chování účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Mental imagery related to the recent death of a loved one is associated with intense sadness and distress. Social relations, such as with one's significant other, can regulate negative emotions and provide comfort, but the neural correlates of social comfort are largely unknown. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we examined brain responses to sad mental imagery and how these are modulated by holding hands with one's romantic partner. We found that mental imagery of a recently deceased loved one was associated with increased reactivity in the dorsal striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, thalamus and cerebellum. Holding hands with one's partner as compared to being alone or holding hands with a stranger provided subjective comfort and reduced neural reactivity in the dorsal striatum without affecting the vividness of the imagery. Our findings indicate an important role for the dorsal striatum in sad mental imagery and social comfort and suggest that tactile social support by one's romantic partner regulates subjective distress through other processes than mere distraction from the mental imagery.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hmatová percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• imaginace fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozeček diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• neostriatum diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• připoutání k objektu * MeSH
• sexuální partneři MeSH
• smutek fyziologie   MeSH
• sociální opora * MeSH
• thalamus diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

During social interactions, decision-making involves mutual reciprocity-each individual's choices are simultaneously a consequence of, and antecedent to those of their interaction partner. Neuroeconomic research has begun to unveil the brain networks underpinning social decision-making, but we know little about the patterns of neural connectivity within them that give rise to reciprocal choices. To investigate this, the present study measured the behaviour and brain function of pairs of individuals (N = 66) whilst they played multiple rounds of economic exchange comprising an iterated ultimatum game. During these exchanges, both players could attempt to maximise their overall monetary gain by reciprocating their opponent's prior behaviour-they could promote generosity by rewarding it, and/or discourage unfair play through retaliation. By adapting a model of reciprocity from experimental economics, we show that players' choices on each exchange are captured accurately by estimating their expected utility (EU) as a reciprocal reaction to their opponent's prior behaviour. We then demonstrate neural responses that map onto these reciprocal choices in two brain regions implicated in social decision-making: right anterior insula (AI) and anterior/anterior-mid cingulate cortex (aMCC). Finally, with behavioural Dynamic Causal Modelling, we identified player-specific patterns of effective connectivity between these brain regions with which we estimated each player's choices with over 70% accuracy; namely, bidirectional connections between AI and aMCC that are modulated differentially by estimates of EU from our reciprocity model. This input-state-output modelling procedure therefore reveals systematic brain-behaviour relationships associated with the reciprocal choices characterising interactive social decision-making.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
• konektom * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• rozhodování fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální percepce * MeSH
• výběrové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Social touch may modulate emotions, but the neurobehavioral correlates are poorly understood. Here, we investigated neural responses to a picture of a deceased close person and if neural activity and connectivity are modulated by social touch from one's romantic partner. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found altered reactivity in several brain areas including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insula in response to the personal picture compared to a picture of an unfamiliar person. Hand holding with the romantic partner, compared to being alone, reduced reactivity in the ACC and cerebellum and provided subjective comfort. To separate physical touch from the emotional effect of partner presence, we evaluated hand holding with the partner relative to a stranger and found reduced reactivity in the anterior insula. Connectivity between the anterior insula and the ACC was reduced during partner touch, and the connectivity strength was negatively related to attachment security, with higher reported partner security associated with weaker connectivity. Overall, holding hands with one's partner attenuates reactivity in emotional brain areas and reduces between-region connectivity.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• emoce fyziologie   MeSH
• hmat MeSH
• hmatová percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• mozková kůra fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální partneři psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The effects of high-dose ethanol intoxication on cognitive flexibility processes are not well understood, and processes related to hangover after intoxication have remained even more elusive. Similarly, it is unknown in how far the complexity of cognitive flexibility processes is affected by intoxication and hangover effects. We performed a neurophysiological study applying high density electroencephalography (EEG) recording to analyze event-related potentials (ERPs) and perform source localization in a task switching paradigm which varied the complexity of task switching by means of memory demands. The results show that high-dose ethanol intoxication only affects task switching (i.e. cognitive flexibility processes) when memory processes are required to control task switching mechanisms, suggesting that even high doses of ethanol compromise cognitive processes when they are highly demanding. The EEG and source localization data show that these effects unfold by modulating response selection processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Perceptual and attentional selection processes as well as working memory processes were only unspecifically modulated. In all subprocesses examined, there were no differences between the sober and hangover states, thus suggesting a fast recovery of cognitive flexibility after high-dose ethanol intoxication. We assume that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) system accounts for the observed effects, while they can hardly be explained by the dopaminergic system.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dechové testy MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• GABA MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• nervový přenos fyziologie   MeSH
• otrava alkoholem patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• reakční čas MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that Tourette syndrome (TS) might be associated with alterations of the attention system, but the nature of these alterations and the underlying neuroanatomical network remains elusive. We aimed at investigating the functional neuroanatomical modulators of attention allocation towards predictable versus unpredictable stimuli in boys with TS. METHODS: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we ran a harmonic expectancy violation paradigm in 17 boys with TS and 23 matched healthy controls (HCs). We presented chord sequence in which the first four chords induced a strong expectancy for a harmonic chord at the next position. In 70% this expectancy was fulfilled (harmonic), in 30% the expectancy was violated (disharmonic). RESULTS: HCs responded faster to the disharmonic compared to harmonic chords, indicating a stronger attention allocation towards unpredictable stimuli, while this effect was not found in boys with TS. HCs showed stronger anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation during disharmonic compared to harmonic chords. Boys with TS showed stronger ACC activation during harmonic chords, which was associated with greater tic severity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that boys with TS showed altered reactions towards predictable versus unpredictable stimuli in brain regions playing an important role in attention control. This might indicate altered allocation of attention towards those stimuli.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchová percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Tourettův syndrom diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Although animals often learn and monitor the spatial properties of relevant moving objects such as conspecifics and predators to properly organize their own spatial behavior, the underlying brain substrate has received little attention and hence remains elusive. Because the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in conflict monitoring and effort-based decision making, and ACC neurons respond to objects in the environment, it may also play a role in the monitoring of moving cues and exerting the appropriate spatial response. We used a robot avoidance task in which a rat had to maintain at least a 25cm distance from a small programmable robot to avoid a foot shock. In successive sessions, we trained ten Long Evans male rats to avoid a fast-moving robot (4cm/s), a stationary robot, and a slow-moving robot (1cm/s). In each condition, the ACC was transiently inactivated by bilateral injections of muscimol in the penultimate session and a control saline injection was given in the last session. Compared to the corresponding saline session, ACC-inactivated rats received more shocks when tested in the fast-moving condition, but not in the stationary or slow robot conditions. Furthermore, ACC-inactivated rats less frequently responded to an approaching robot with appropriate escape responses although their response to shock stimuli remained preserved. Since we observed no effect on slow or stationary robot avoidance, we conclude that the ACC may exert cognitive efforts for monitoring dynamic updating of the position of an object, a role complementary to the dorsal hippocampus.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• muscimol farmakologie   MeSH
• neurony účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• podněty MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans MeSH
• pozornost účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• receptory GABA-A - agonisté farmakologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Gliomy limbického a paralimbického systému představují anatomicky a tím pádem i operačními přístupy unikátní skupinu mozkových nádorů. Mikrochirurgie v kombinaci s moderními peri­operačními postupy zvyšuje šance na radikální odstranění těchto gliomů. Z hlediska lokalizace je dělíme do tří základních skupin: 1. gliomy inzuly, 2. amygdalohippokampálního komplexu a 3. cingula. V minimonografii se věnujeme anatomii i funkci limbického a paralimbického systému a v návaznosti na ni představujeme ucelený pohled na jednotlivé neurochirurgické přístupy k těmto oblastem. Maximální resekce za zachování funkční integrity mozku je předpokladem následné smysluplné onkologické léčby. Taktéž prezentujeme výsledky operací našeho pracoviště ve smyslu morbidity a radikality za posledních sedm let.

Limbic and paralimbic gliomas represent a unique group of brain tumors both from an anatomic and surgical point of view. Microsurgery, together with modern perioperative procedures, enables a wider extent of resection of these gliomas. Based on localization, we divide gliomas into three basic groups: 1. insular, 2. amygdalohippocampal complex and 3. cingulum gliomas. In our review, we describe the anatomy and function of the limbic and paralimbic system and in relation to that, we present a description of the specific neurosurgical approaches to these regions. Maximal resection with brain function preservation represents the basis for subsequent oncologic therapy. We also present the surgical results of our department in the last seven years with regard to morbidity and radicality. Key words: limbic system – insula – hippocampus – cingulum – glioma – resection The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manu­script met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.

• Klíčová slova
• inzula, cingulum,
• MeSH
• amygdala anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• cingulární gyrus anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gliom * chirurgie   MeSH
• hipokampus anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limbická korová oblast anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• limbický systém * anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• mikrochirurgie metody   statistika a číselné údaje   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádory mozku chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• neurochirurgické výkony * metody   statistika a číselné údaje   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

We studied the appearance of broadband oscillatory changes (ranging 2-45 Hz) induced by a cognitive task with two levels of complexity. The event-related de/synchronizations (ERD/S) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were evaluated in an executive function test. Four epilepsy surgery candidates with intracerebral electrodes implanted in the ACC and three Parkinson's disease patients with externalized deep brain stimulation electrodes implanted in the STN participated in the study. A Flanker test (FT) with visual stimuli (arrows) was performed. Subjects reacted to four types of stimuli presented on the monitor by pushing the right or left button: congruent arrows to the right or left side (simple task) and incongruent arrows to the right or left side (more difficult complex task). We explored the activation of STN and the activation of the ACC while processing the FT. Both conditions, i.e. congruent and incongruent, induced oscillatory changes in the ACC and also STN with significantly higher activation during incongruent trial. At variance with the ACC, in the STN not only the ERD beta but also the ERD alpha activity was significantly more activated by the incongruent condition. In line with our earlier studies, the STN appears to be involved in activities linked with increased cognitive load. The specificity and complexity of task-related activation of the STN might indicate the involvement of the STN in processes controlling human behaviour, e.g. in the selection and inhibition of competing alternatives.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• epilepsie patofyziologie   MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace MeSH
• implantované elektrody MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus fyziologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To map the brain activity during bladder filling by functional magnetic resonance imaging using a refined scanning protocol including synchronous urodynamics and pelvic floor muscle contractions. METHODS: A total of 23 healthy female volunteers (age 20-68 years) were enrolled. Participants were asked to contract their pelvic floor muscles. This was followed by a urodynamic examination consisting of repeated filling cycles. Brain activity was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging using a 3T magnetic resonance system. Measurements of brain activity consisted of 120 functional scans during pelvic floor contractions and 210 scans during bladder filling. Each functional magnetic resonance imaging scan covered the brain with 35 slices. Statistical analyses used the general linear model and independent component analysis. Areas of activation were visualized using group statistics. RESULTS: The following main clusters of activation were observed during pelvic floor muscle contractions: medial surface of the frontal lobe (primary motor area), bilaterally; supplementary motor area, bilaterally; and left gyrus precentralis. During bladder filling, activation was detected in the inferior frontal lobe bordering the frontal cingulum, left gyrus parietalis superior, left central area, right insula, brainstem and thalamus with subcortical gray matter nuclei. CONCLUSIONS: Our work extends an existing functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol for researching the neural control of the lower urinary tract. The present results are consistent with the available literature and agree with the present hypothetical functional model of lower urinary tract neural control.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• močový měchýř inervace   fyziologie   MeSH
• motorické korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• mozkový kmen fyziologie   MeSH
• pánevní dno inervace   fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• svalová kontrakce fyziologie   MeSH
• thalamus fyziologie   MeSH
• urodynamika fyziologie   MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH