• MeSH
• extrapyramidové dráhy anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické korové centrum * anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• primární vizuální kortex anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• pyramidové buňky fyziologie   MeSH
• pyramidové dráhy anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchové korové centrum anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• somatosenzorické korové centrum anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• vestibulární systém anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   inervace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Background: The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), including the role of brain and spinal inhibitory circuits, is still poorly elucidated. The aim of this study was to identify which central inhibitory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of AIS.Design: A prospective neurophysiological study, using a battery of neurophysiological tests, such as cutaneous (CuSP) and cortical (CoSP) silent periods, motor evoked potentials (MEP) and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS).Settings: Neurophysiological laboratory.Participants: Sixteen patients with AIS (14 females, median age 14.4) and healthy controls.Outcome measures: MEPs were obtained after transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and recorded from the abductor pollicis muscle (APB). ppTMS was obtained at interval ratios (ISI) of 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15 and 20 ms. The cortical silent period (CoSP) was recorded from the APB. The cutaneous silent period (CuSP) was measured after painful stimuli delivered to the thumb while the subjects maintained voluntary contraction of the intrinsic hand muscles. The data were analyzed and compared with those from healthy subjects.Results: The CoSP duration was significantly prolonged in AIS patients. A significantly higher amplitude of ppTMS for ISI was found in all AIS patients, without remarkable left-right side differences. No significant difference in MEP latency or amplitude nor in the CuSP duration was obtained.Conclusion: Our observation demonstrates evidence of central nervous system involvement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Lower intracortical inhibition, higher motor cortex excitability, and preserved spinal inhibitory circuits are the main findings of this study. A possible explanation of these changes could be attributed to impaired sensorimotor integration predominantly at the cortical level.

• MeSH
• elektrická stimulace MeSH
• elektromyografie MeSH
• kosterní svaly fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• motorické evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• motorické korové centrum * fyziologie   MeSH
• poranění míchy * MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• skolióza * MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Functional MRI (fMRI) has become an important tool for probing network-level effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Previous DBS-fMRI studies have shown that electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral (VL) thalamus can modulate sensorimotor cortices in a frequency and amplitude dependent manner. Here, we investigated, using a swine animal model, how the direction and orientation of the electric field, induced by VL-thalamus DBS, affects activity in the sensorimotor cortex. Adult swine underwent implantation of a novel 16-electrode (4 rows x 4 columns) directional DBS lead in the VL thalamus. A within-subject design was used to compare fMRI responses for (1) directional stimulation consisting of monopolar stimulation in four radial directions around the DBS lead, and (2) orientation-selective stimulation where an electric field dipole was rotated 0°-360° around a quadrangle of electrodes. Functional responses were quantified in the premotor, primary motor, and somatosensory cortices. High frequency electrical stimulation through leads implanted in the VL thalamus induced directional tuning in cortical response patterns to varying degrees depending on DBS lead position. Orientation-selective stimulation showed maximal functional response when the electric field was oriented approximately parallel to the DBS lead, which is consistent with known axonal orientations of the cortico-thalamocortical pathway. These results demonstrate that directional and orientation-selective stimulation paradigms in the VL thalamus can tune network-level modulation patterns in the sensorimotor cortex, which may have translational utility in improving functional outcomes of DBS therapy.

• MeSH
• elektrická stimulace metody   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * metody   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• motorické korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• nuclei ventrales thalami fyziologie   MeSH
• nucleus subthalamicus fyziologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• thalamus fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• motorická jednotka, míšní reflex,
• MeSH
• bazální ganglia diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické dovednosti fyziologie   MeSH
• motorické korové centrum fyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• motorické poruchy * klasifikace   MeSH
• mozkový kmen anatomie a histologie   patologie   MeSH
• periferní nervy anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• pyramidové dráhy fyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Clinical benefits of pallidal deep brain stimulation (GPi DBS) in dystonia increase relatively slowly suggesting slow plastic processes in the motor network. Twenty-two patients with dystonia of various distribution and etiology treated by chronic GPi DBS and 22 healthy subjects were examined for short-latency intracortical inhibition of the motor cortex elicited by paired transcranial magnetic stimulation. The relationships between grey matter volume and intracortical inhibition considering the long-term clinical outcome and states of the GPi DBS were analysed. The acute effects of GPi DBS were associated with a shortening of the motor response whereas the grey matter of chronically treated patients with a better clinical outcome showed hypertrophy of the supplementary motor area and cerebellar vermis. In addition, the volume of the cerebellar hemispheres of patients correlated with the improvement of intracortical inhibition which was generally less effective in patients than in controls regardless of the DBS states. Importantly, good responders to GPi DBS showed a similar level of short-latency intracortical inhibition in the motor cortex as healthy controls whereas non-responders were unable to increase it. All these results support the multilevel impact of effective DBS on the motor networks in dystonia and suggest potential biomarkers of responsiveness to this treatment.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dystonie terapie   MeSH
• globus pallidus fyziologie   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motorické korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• mozeček fyziologie   MeSH
• nervový útlum * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• hipokampus anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kochlea anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motorické korové centrum anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• mozeček anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• nervus oculomotorius anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervus vestibulocochlearis anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroplasticita fyziologie   MeSH
• senzorimotorický kortex anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• sluchové korové centrum anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• somatosenzorické poruchy * diagnóza   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• thalamus anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• vestibulární aparát * anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vestibulookulární reflex fyziologie   MeSH
• vnitřní ucho anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• závrať * diagnóza   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

There have recently been considerable advances in our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying multitasking, but the role of multimodal integration for this faculty has remained rather unclear. We examined this issue by comparing different modality combinations in a multitasking (stop-change) paradigm. In-depth neurophysiological analyses of event-related potentials (ERPs) were conducted to complement the obtained behavioral data. Specifically, we applied signal decomposition using second order blind identification (SOBI) to the multi-subject ERP data and source localization. We found that both general multimodal information integration and modality-specific aspects (potentially related to task difficulty) modulate behavioral performance and associated neurophysiological correlates. Simultaneous multimodal input generally increased early attentional processing of visual stimuli (i.e. P1 and N1 amplitudes) as well as measures of cognitive effort and conflict (i.e. central P3 amplitudes). Yet, tactile-visual input caused larger impairments in multitasking than audio-visual input. General aspects of multimodal information integration modulated the activity in the premotor cortex (BA 6) as well as different visual association areas concerned with the integration of visual information with input from other modalities (BA 19, BA 21, BA 37). On top of this, differences in the specific combination of modalities also affected performance and measures of conflict/effort originating in prefrontal regions (BA 6).

• MeSH
• akustická stimulace MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• motorické korové centrum anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání fyziologické * MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• zrakové korové centrum anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Adaptive interactions with the outer world necessitate effective connections between cognitive and executive functions. The primary motor cortex (M1) with its control of the spinal cord motor apparatus and its involvement in the processing of cognitive information related to motor functions is one of the best suited structures of this cognition-action connection. The question arose whether M1 might be involved also in situations where no overt or covered motor action is present. METHODS: The EEG data analyzed were recorded during an oddball task in one epileptic patient (19 years) with depth multilead electrodes implanted for diagnostic reasons into the M1 and several prefrontal areas. RESULTS: The main result was the finding of an evoked response to non-target stimuli with a pronounced late component in all frontal areas explored, including three loci of the M1. The late component was implicated in the evaluation of predicted and actual action and was synchronized in all three precentral loci and in the majority of prefrontal loci. CONCLUSION: The finding is considered as direct evidence of functional involvement of the M1 in cognitive activity not related to motor function. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results contribute to better understanding of neural mechanisms underlying cognition.

• MeSH
• elektroencefalografie metody   MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motorické korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: tDCS is a promising method for the treatment of chronic pain. Electrode placement locations must be chosen in accordance with the density and the time course of the current in order to prevent pathological changes in the underlying tissue. In order to reduce current spatial variability, more electrodes of the same polarity are placed in a circle around the second electrode of the opposite polarity. The applied current produced the greatest changes directly beneath the electrodes: the cathode reduces the excitability of cortical neurons, while the anode has the opposite effect. METHODS: Based on inclusion criteria, 10 patients with chronic orofacial pain, secondary trigeminal neuralgia after oral surgery, were enrolled and underwent both anode and cathode stimulation. Before the first session we measured pain intensity on a numeric pain rating scale and tactile and thermal stimulation were used to assess somatosensory status. tDCS was applied for five consecutive days. At the end of tDCS application, somatosensory status was assessed again. RESULTS: From our results we can conclude that the application of tDCS improves the perception of some types of pain. When we increase our sample size, we would expect confirmation not only on our positive results, but also some additional findings for explaining the pathophysiology of orofacial pain. These pathophysiological findings and explanations are very important for the application of tDCS in the treatment of orofacial pain and also for other types of neuropathic pain.

• MeSH
• chronická bolest terapie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motorické evokované potenciály fyziologie   MeSH
• motorické korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• neuralgie patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• obličejová bolest patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * metody   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

How neuronal activity of motor cortex is related to movement is a central topic in motor neuroscience. Motor-cortical single neurons are more closely related to hand movement velocity than speed, that is, the magnitude of the (directional) velocity vector. Recently, there is also increasing interest in the representation of movement parameters in neuronal population activity, such as reflected in the intracranial EEG (iEEG). We show that in iEEG, contrasting to what has been previously found on the single neuron level, speed predominates over velocity. The predominant speed representation was present in nearly all iEEG signal features, up to the 600-1000 Hz range. Using a model of motor-cortical signals arising from neuronal populations with realistic single neuron tuning properties, we show how this reversal can be understood as a consequence of increasing population size. Our findings demonstrate that the information profile in large population signals may systematically differ from the single neuron level, a principle that may be helpful in the interpretation of neuronal population signals in general, including, for example, EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Taking advantage of the robust speed population signal may help in developing brain-machine interfaces exploiting population signals.

• MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• modely neurologické MeSH
• motorické korové centrum fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• paže fyziologie   MeSH
• pohybová aktivita fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH