Mental imagery related to the recent death of a loved one is associated with intense sadness and distress. Social relations, such as with one's significant other, can regulate negative emotions and provide comfort, but the neural correlates of social comfort are largely unknown. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we examined brain responses to sad mental imagery and how these are modulated by holding hands with one's romantic partner. We found that mental imagery of a recently deceased loved one was associated with increased reactivity in the dorsal striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, thalamus and cerebellum. Holding hands with one's partner as compared to being alone or holding hands with a stranger provided subjective comfort and reduced neural reactivity in the dorsal striatum without affecting the vividness of the imagery. Our findings indicate an important role for the dorsal striatum in sad mental imagery and social comfort and suggest that tactile social support by one's romantic partner regulates subjective distress through other processes than mere distraction from the mental imagery.
- MeSH
- cingulární gyrus diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hmatová percepce fyziologie MeSH
- imaginace fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozeček diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- neostriatum diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- připoutání k objektu * MeSH
- sexuální partneři MeSH
- smutek fyziologie MeSH
- sociální opora * MeSH
- thalamus diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: The profile of cortical neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia is not fully understood, despite hundreds of published structural brain imaging studies. This study presents the first meta-analysis of cortical thickness and surface area abnormalities in schizophrenia conducted by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Schizophrenia Working Group. METHODS: The study included data from 4474 individuals with schizophrenia (mean age, 32.3 years; range, 11-78 years; 66% male) and 5098 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32.8 years; range, 10-87 years; 53% male) assessed with standardized methods at 39 centers worldwide. RESULTS: Compared with healthy volunteers, individuals with schizophrenia have widespread thinner cortex (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.530/-0.516) and smaller surface area (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.251/-0.254), with the largest effect sizes for both in frontal and temporal lobe regions. Regional group differences in cortical thickness remained significant when statistically controlling for global cortical thickness, suggesting regional specificity. In contrast, effects for cortical surface area appear global. Case-control, negative, cortical thickness effect sizes were two to three times larger in individuals receiving antipsychotic medication relative to unmedicated individuals. Negative correlations between age and bilateral temporal pole thickness were stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in healthy volunteers. Regional cortical thickness showed significant negative correlations with normalized medication dose, symptom severity, and duration of illness and positive correlations with age at onset. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the ENIGMA meta-analysis approach can achieve robust findings in clinical neuroscience studies; also, medication effects should be taken into account in future genetic association studies of cortical thickness in schizophrenia.
- MeSH
- čelní lalok diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- neurozobrazování MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- schizofrenie diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- spánkový lalok diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
- věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Executive dysfunction is a common feature in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is a lack of brief validated instruments for executive dysfunction in PD. METHODS: The aim of the present study was to assess the relation of Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) scores to age and education, to verify the utility of FAB in the evaluation of executive dysfunction in PD and to differentiate between controls (n=41), PD patients with normal cognition (PD-NC; n=41; Hoehn and Yahr stages 2-3) and PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI; n=32; Hoehn and Yahr stages 2-3). In addition, we studied the relation between voxel-based morphometric (VBM) data and FAB results in PD. RESULTS: We found that FAB scores are significantly related to age and education. The FAB has shown discriminative validity for the differentiation of PD-MCI from PD-NC and controls (area under the curve >.80). Also, the VBM analysis revealed lower FAB scores are specifically related to lower gray matter density in the right ventromedial prefrontal areas and precuneus. CONCLUSIONS: The FAB can be recommended as a valid instrument for PD-MCI Level I screening. FAB is sensitive to frontal lobe involvement in PD as reflected by lower gray matter density in prefrontal areas. (JINS, 2017, 23, 675-684).
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- exekutivní funkce fyziologie MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza diagnostické zobrazování etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy normy MeSH
- Parkinsonova nemoc komplikace diagnóza diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
There have recently been considerable advances in our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying multitasking, but the role of multimodal integration for this faculty has remained rather unclear. We examined this issue by comparing different modality combinations in a multitasking (stop-change) paradigm. In-depth neurophysiological analyses of event-related potentials (ERPs) were conducted to complement the obtained behavioral data. Specifically, we applied signal decomposition using second order blind identification (SOBI) to the multi-subject ERP data and source localization. We found that both general multimodal information integration and modality-specific aspects (potentially related to task difficulty) modulate behavioral performance and associated neurophysiological correlates. Simultaneous multimodal input generally increased early attentional processing of visual stimuli (i.e. P1 and N1 amplitudes) as well as measures of cognitive effort and conflict (i.e. central P3 amplitudes). Yet, tactile-visual input caused larger impairments in multitasking than audio-visual input. General aspects of multimodal information integration modulated the activity in the premotor cortex (BA 6) as well as different visual association areas concerned with the integration of visual information with input from other modalities (BA 19, BA 21, BA 37). On top of this, differences in the specific combination of modalities also affected performance and measures of conflict/effort originating in prefrontal regions (BA 6).
- MeSH
- akustická stimulace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- evokované potenciály fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- motorické korové centrum anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
- pozornost fyziologie MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- rozpoznávání fyziologické * MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- zrakové korové centrum anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Disturbances of the gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) system have been suspected of contributing to the pathophysiology of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The ability to rapidly resolve competitive action decisions, such as shifting the gaze to one particular stimulus rather than another, can be predicted by the concentration of GABA in the region of the frontal cortex relevant to eye movements. For this reason, our study measured GABA levels in seven PSP patients and eight healthy controls, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and assessed the relationship of these measurements to the remote distractor effect (RDE), an eye-movement paradigm investigating competitive action decisions. No significant differences were found in either frontal-eye-field GABA levels or RDE between PSP patients and controls.
- MeSH
- GABA metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- okulomotorické svaly diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- pohyby očí MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus MeSH
- progresivní supranukleární obrna diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus psychologie MeSH
- sakadické oční pohyby MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- světelná stimulace MeSH
- zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
- zraková pole MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: ADHD is one of the most significant diagnostic units in child and adolescent psychiatry. The occurrence in children is 5-6% and 50-80% continued to adult age. The presence of individual genes (polymorphism) on particular symptoms and processes in ADHD are not known. It is estimated that ADHD symptoms are up to 80% to genetic. The higher density of resultant DAT 1 protein was observed in ADHD patients in comparison with controls. The question was if DAT 1 10/10 predicted bad prognoses in long term therapy. METHODS: We compared 30 ADHD DAT 1 10/10 adolescents treated for 5-6 years. Patients with 30 control adolescents. They were the same age of probands and controls. All these subjects were examined by child psychiatry scales (Conners, Achenbach…). Biological changes were tested by MRI specific CNS volumometry. RESULTS: We didn't confirm bad prognoses in long term therapy with methylphenidate or atomoxetine in ADHD children DAT 1 10/10 in long term therapy. In MRI specific CNS volumometry were not identify any differences in controls and ADHD probands. Gray matter thickness was significantly higher in prefrontal and occipital areas in patients compared to control in prefrontal and occipital areas with cluster-wise p-value<0.05. By this method were not identify any cerebrum damage in long term therapy by methylphenidate and atomoxetine.
- MeSH
- atomoxetin terapeutické užití MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie genetika MeSH
- inhibitory vychytávání adrenergních neurotransmiterů terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- methylfenidát terapeutické užití MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- proteiny přenášející dopamin přes plazmatickou membránu genetika MeSH
- šedá hmota diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- stimulanty centrálního nervového systému terapeutické užití MeSH
- týlní lalok diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH