The Czech Republic occupies the first place in the world in the frequency of renal and other urinary tract tumours, but their aetiology is unknown. To explore whether carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxins may contribute to kidney diseases in the Czech population, biomarkers of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) exposure were determined in biological specimens from a cohort of 50 patients with malignant renal tumours. Biomarker analyses in blood and urine samples used validated targeted methods for measuring OTA and CIT plus dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) after enrichment of analytes by specific immunoaffinity clean-up. OTA and CIT plus its metabolite DH-CIT were frequently detected in patient urine samples (OTA 62%; CIT 91%; DH-CIT 100%). The concentration ranges in urine were 1-27.8 ng/L for OTA, 2-87 ng/L for CIT and 2-160 ng/L for DH-CIT. The analyses of blood samples revealed also a frequent co-occurrence of OTA and CIT, in the ranges of 40-870 ng/L serum for OTA and 21-182 ng/L plasma for CIT. This first analysis of biomarkers in blood and urine samples of Czech patients revealed no major differences in comparison with published data for the general healthy Czech and European populations. Nonetheless, a frequent co-occurrence of CIT and OTA biomarkers in patient samples may be of interest with regard to potential interactions with other risk factors for renal disease.

Center for Health Nutrition and Food in Brno National Institute of Public Health Prague Palackeho 3a 612 42 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet 3114 Bangladesh

Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové Rokitanskeho 62 500 03 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Clinical Biochemistry Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital Sokolska 581 50005 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

INP ENSAT Toulouse Department Bioprocess and Microbial Systems Laboratory Chemical Engineering University of Toulouse 31320 Auzeville Tolosane France

International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 Cours Albert Thomas 69372 Lyon Cedex 08 France

Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Ardeystrasse 67 44139 Dortmund Germany

Medical School and Teaching Hospital Department of Urology Charles University Sokolska 581 500 05 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

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