Due to the growing number of applications of cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs), there is a concern about their potential deleterious effects. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of CdO NPs on the immune response, renal and intestine oxidative stress, blood antioxidant defence, renal fibrotic response, bone density and mineral content. Six-week-old female ICR mice were exposed to CdO NPs for 6 weeks by inhalation (particle size: 9.82 nm, mass concentration: 31.7 μg CdO/m3, total deposited dose: 0.195 μg CdO/g body weight). CdO NPs increased percentage of thymus CD3e+CD8a+ cells and moderately enhanced splenocyte proliferation and production of cytokines and chemokines. CdO NPs elevated pro-fibrotic factors (TGF-β2, α-SMA and collagen I) in the kidney, and concentrations of AGEs in the intestine. The ratio of GSH and GSSG in blood was slightly reduced. Exposure to CdO NPs resulted in 10-fold higher Cd concentration in tibia bones. No differences were found in bone mass density, mineral content, bone area values, bone concentrations of Ca, P, Mg and Ca/P ratio. Our findings indicate stimulation of immune/inflammatory response, oxidative stress in the intestine, starting fibrotic response in kidneys and accumulation of CdO NPs in bones of mice.

Cancer Research Institute Biomedical Research Centre Slovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 81439 Bratislava Slovakia

Faculty of Medicine Slovak Medical University Limbova 12 83303 Bratislava Slovakia

Faculty of Public Health Slovak Medical University Limbova 12 83303 Bratislava Slovakia

Institute of Analytical Chemistry of Czech Academy of Sciences Veveri 97 60200 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Katerinska 1660 32 12108 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Molecular Biomedicine Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Spitalska 24 813 72 Bratislava Slovakia

Institute of Molecular Biomedicine Faculty of Medicine Comenius University Spitalska 24 813 72 Bratislava Slovakia; Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen PO Box 7800 5020 Bergen Norway

Norwegian Institute for Air Research Health Effects Laboratory PO Box 100 2027 Kjeller Norway

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