Objectives: To review available evidence of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment for MCI and analyse information and limitations in national and international guidelines.Methods: Experts from several European countries conducted a qualitative review of the literature on MCI and treatments for MCI, as well as respective chapters in national and international guidelines on dementia/MCI. Psychotherapeutic/psychosocial treatments were excluded from the review.Results: Consensus diagnostic criteria for MCI are available, making early recognition and accurate classification of MCI subtypes possible. MCI can be identified in a primary care setting. Further corroboration and differential diagnosis should be done at specialist level. Mixed pathologies are the rule in MCI, thus a multi-target treatment approach is a rational strategy. Promising evidence has been generated for multi-domain interventions. Limited evidence is available for different pharmacological classes that have been investigated in MCI clinical trials (e.g. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors). EGb 761® improved symptoms in some clinical trials; it is the only pharmacological treatment recommended in existing guidelines for the symptomatic treatment of MCI.Conclusions: MCI is recognised as an important treatment target and some recent national guidelines have considered symptomatic treatment recommendations for MCI. However, more needs to be done, especially at an international level.

Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Technical University of Munich Klinikum rechts der Isar Munich Germany

Department of Gerontopsychiatry Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Department of Neurology Charles University 2nd Medical Faculty and Motol University Hospital Prague Czech Republic

Department of Neurology Neurological Rehabilitation Landesklinikum Horn Allentsteig Horn Austria

Department of Neurology Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Israel

International Clinical Research Centre Brno Czechia

Neurobiology Lab for Brain Aging and Mental Health Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience University of Basel Psychiatric University Clinics Basel Basel Switzerland

Neurology Department Hospital Infanta Leonor Madrid Spain

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education Moscow Russia

University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER University of Basel Basel Switzerland

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Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 in the Treatment of Patients with Mild Neurocognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review