Mineralization of hydrogel biomaterials with calcium phosphate (CaP) is considered advantageous for bone regeneration. Mineralization can be both induced by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and promoted by calcium-binding biomolecules, such as plant-derived polyphenols. In this study, ALP-loaded gellan gum (GG) hydrogels were enriched with gallotannins, a subclass of polyphenols. Five preparations were compared, namely three tannic acids of differing molecular weight (MW), pentagalloyl glucose (PGG), and a gallotannin-rich extract from mango kernel (Mangifera indica L.). Certain gallotannin preparations promoted mineralization to a greater degree than others. The various gallotannin preparations bound differently to ALP and influenced the size of aggregates of ALP, which may be related to ability to promote mineralization. Human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells grew in eluate from mineralized hydrogels. Gallotannin incorporation impeded cell growth on hydrogels and did not impart antibacterial activity. In conclusion, gallotannin incorporation aided mineralization but reduced cytocompatibility.

Centre for Nano and Biophotonics Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium

Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences 142 00 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 9000 Ghent Belgium

Department of Genetics and Microbiology Charles University Prague 116 36 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences University of Bonn D 53012 Bonn Germany

Division of Food Technology Kiel University 24118 Kiel Germany

Engineering Department Lancaster University Gillow Avenue Lancaster LA1 4YW UK

FSRC Crystallography and photonics RAS 119333 Moscow Russia

Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems Saratov NG Chernyshevskii State Univ 83 Astrakhanskaya St 410012 Saratov Russia

Laboratory of Food Process Engineering Wageningen University and Research AFSG 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands

Materials Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK

Nano Biotechnology Group Department of Biotechology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium

Omnichem NV 9230 Wetterem Belgium

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