Seed dormancy and timing of its release is an important developmental transition determining the survival of individuals, populations, and species in variable environments. Medicago truncatula was used as a model to study physical seed dormancy at the ecological and genetics level. The effect of alternating temperatures, as one of the causes releasing physical seed dormancy, was tested in 178 M. truncatula accessions over three years. Several coefficients of dormancy release were related to environmental variables. Dormancy varied greatly (4-100%) across accessions as well as year of experiment. We observed overall higher physical dormancy release under more alternating temperatures (35/15 °C) in comparison with less alternating ones (25/15 °C). Accessions from more arid climates released dormancy under higher experimental temperature alternations more than accessions originating from less arid environments. The plasticity of physical dormancy can probably distribute the germination through the year and act as a bet-hedging strategy in arid environments. On the other hand, a slight increase in physical dormancy was observed in accessions from environments with higher among-season temperature variation. Genome-wide association analysis identified 136 candidate genes related to secondary metabolite synthesis, hormone regulation, and modification of the cell wall. The activity of these genes might mediate seed coat permeability and, ultimately, imbibition and germination.

Department of Botany Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Geoinformatics Palacký University 17 listopadu 50 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics Palacký University 17 listopadu 12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi 8142 Argentina

UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences Agrocampus Ouest INRA Université d'Angers SFR 4207 QUASAV 49070 Beaucouzé France

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