Knowledge of the relationship between environmental conditions and species traits is an important prerequisite for understanding determinants of community composition and predicting species response to novel climatic conditions. Despite increasing number of studies on this topic, our knowledge on importance of genetic differentiation, plasticity and their interactions along larger sets of species is still limited especially for traits related to plant ecophysiology. We studied variation in traits related to growth, leaf chemistry, contents of photosynthetic pigments and activity of antioxidative enzymes, stomata morphology and photosynthetic activity across eight Impatiens species growing along altitudinal gradients in Himalayas cultivated in three different temperature regimes and explored effects of among species phylogenetic relationships on the results. Original and target climatic conditions determine trait values in our system. The traits are either highly plastic (e.g., APX, CAT, plant size, neoxanthin, β-carotene, chlorophyll a/b, DEPSC) or are highly differentiated among populations (stomata density, lutein production). Many traits show strong among population differentiation in degree of plasticity and direction in response to environmental changes. Most traits indicate that the species will profit from the expected warming. This suggests that different processes determine the values of the different traits and separating the importance of genetic differentiation and plasticity is crucial for our ability to predict species response to future climate changes. The results also indicate that evolution of the traits is not phylogenetically constrained but including phylogenetic information into the analysis may improve our understanding of the trait-environment relationships as was apparent from the analysis of SLA.

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czechia

Department of Population Ecology Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czechia

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czechia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aasamaa K., Sober A. (2011). Stomatal sensitivities to changes in leaf water potential, air humidity, CO2 concentration and light intensity, and the effect of abscisic acid on the sensitivities in six temperate deciduous tree species. DOI

Ackerly D. (2009). Conservatism and diversification of plant functional traits: evolutionary rates versus phylogenetic signal. PubMed DOI PMC

Ackerly D. D., Donoghue M. J. (1995). Phylogeny and ecology reconsidered. DOI

Ackerly D. D., Nyffeler R. (2004). Evolutionary diversification of continuous traits: phylogenetic tests and application to seed size in the California flora. DOI

Acuna-Rodriguez I. S., Torres-Diaz C., Hereme R., Molina-Montenegro M. A. (2017). Asymmetric responses to simulated global warming by populations of PubMed DOI PMC

Akiyama S., Ohba H., Wakabayashi M. (1991). “Taxonomic notes of the east Himalayan species of impatiens. Studies of Himalayan

Anderson J. T., Gezon Z. J. (2015). Plasticity in functional traits in the context of climate change: a case study of the subalpine forb PubMed DOI

Anderson J. T., Inouye D. W., McKinney A. M., Colautti R. I., Mitchell-Olds T. (2012). Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change. PubMed DOI PMC

Ashraf M., Harris P. J. C. (2013). Photosynthesis under stressful environments: an overview. DOI

Baker N. R., Rosenqvist E. (2004). Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: an examination of future possibilities. PubMed DOI

Barak R. S., Lichtenberger T. M., Wellman-Houde A., Kramer A. T., Larkin D. J. (2018). Cracking the case: seed traits and phylogeny predict time to germination in prairie restoration species. PubMed DOI PMC

Bawa K. S., Ingty T., Revell L. J., Shivaprakash K. N. (2019). Correlated evolution of flower size and seed number in flowering plants (monocotyledons). PubMed DOI PMC

Beaucham C., Fridovic I. (1971). Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. PubMed DOI

Beaulieu J. M., Leitch I. J., Patel S., Pendharkar A., Knight C. A. (2008). Genome size is a strong predictor of cell size and stomatal density in angiosperms. PubMed DOI

Benomar L., Lamhamedi M. S., Rainville A., Beaulieu J., Bousquet J., Margolis H. A. (2016). Genetic adaptation vs. Ecophysiological plasticity of photosynthetic-related traits in young PubMed DOI PMC

Bertolino L. T., Caine R. S., Gray J. E. (2019). Impact of stomatal density and morphology on water-use efficiency in a changing world. PubMed DOI PMC

Bowler C., Fluhr R. (2000). The role of calcium and activated oxygens as signals for controlling cross-tolerance. PubMed DOI

Bowman G., Perret C., Hoehn S., Galeuchet D. J., Fischer M. (2008). Habitat fragmentation and adaptation: a reciprocal replant-transplant experiment among 15 populations of DOI

Bradford M. M. (1976). Rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing principle of protein-dye binding. PubMed DOI

Bruelheide H., Dengler J., Purschke O., Lenoir J., Jiménez-Alfaro B., Hennekens S. M., et al. (2018). Global trait-environment relationships of plant communities. PubMed DOI

Campbell D. R., Sosenski P., Raguso R. A. (2019). Phenotypic plasticity of floral volatiles in response to increasing drought stress. PubMed DOI PMC

Casson S. A., Franklin K. A., Gray J. E., Grierson C. S., Whitelam G. C., Hetherington A. M. (2009). phytochrome B and PIF4 regulate stomatal development in response to light quantity. PubMed DOI

Chance B., Maehly A. C. (1955). Assay of catalases and peroxidases. PubMed DOI

Chapin F. S., Shaver G. R. (1996). Physiological and growth responses of arctic plants to a field experiment simulating climatic change. DOI

Chapman D. S., Gray A. (2012). Complex interactions between the wind and ballistic seed dispersal in DOI

Chaves M. M., Costa J. M., Zarrouk O., Pinheiro C., Lopes C. M., Pereira J. S. (2016). Controlling stomatal aperture in semi-arid regions-The dilemma of saving water or being cool? PubMed DOI

Chen Y. E., Cui J. M., Su Y. Q., Zhang C. M., Ma J., Zhang Z. W., et al. (2017). Comparison of phosphorylation and assembly of photosystem complexes and redox homeostasis in two wheat cultivars with different drought resistance. PubMed DOI PMC

Chomicki G., Coiro M., Renner S. S. (2017). Evolution and ecology of plant architecture: integrating insights from the fossil record, extant morphology, developmental genetics and phylogenies. PubMed DOI PMC

Dall’Osto L., Cazzaniga S., North H., Marion-Poll A., Bassi R. (2007). The PubMed DOI PMC

Das K., Roychoudhury A. (2014). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. DOI

Datta A., Kuhn I., Ahmad M., Michalski S., Auge H. (2017). Processes affecting altitudinal distribution of invasive PubMed DOI PMC

DemmigAdams B., Adams W. W. (1996). The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of photosynthesis. DOI

Desdevises Y., Legendre P., Azouzi L., Morand S. (2003). Quantifying phylogenetically structured environmental variation. PubMed DOI

Diaz S., Hodgson J. G., Thompson K., Cabido M., Cornelissen J. H. C., Jalili A., et al. (2004). The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. DOI

Diniz J. A. F., De Sant’ana C. E. R., Bini L. M. (1998). An eigenvector method for estimating phylogenetic inertia. PubMed DOI

Dostálek T., Münzbergová Z., Plačková I. (2010). Genetic diversity and its effect on fitness in an endangered plant species, DOI

Dostálek T., Rokaya B. M., Maršík P., Rezek J., Skuhrovec J., Pavela R., et al. (2016). Trade-off among different anti-herbivore defence strategies along an altitudinal gradient. PubMed DOI PMC

Dostálek T., Rokaya M. B., Münzbergová Z. (2018). Altitude, habitat type and herbivore damage interact in their effects on plant population dynamics. PubMed DOI PMC

Dostálek T., Rokaya M. B., Münzbergová Z. (2019). Effects of temperature of plant cultivation on plant palatability modify species response to novel climate. DOI

Dreesen F. E., De Boeck H. J., Janssens I. A., Nijs I. (2014). Do successive climate extremes weaken the resistance of plant communities? An experimental study using plant assemblages. DOI

Dunn O. (1961). Comparisons among means.

Ehmig M., Coiro M., Linder H. P. (2019). Ecophysiological strategy switch through development in heteroblastic species of Mediterranean ecosystems - an example in the African Restionaceae. PubMed DOI PMC

Ehrenberger F., Gorbach S. (1973).

Ensminger I., Busch F., Huner N. P. A. (2006). Photostasis and cold acclimation: sensing low temperature through photosynthesis. DOI

Esteban R., Barrutia O., Artetxe U., Fernandez-Marin B., Hernandez A., Garcia-Plazaola J. I. (2015). Internal and external factors affecting photosynthetic pigment composition in plants: a meta-analytical approach. PubMed DOI

Farrant J. M., Ruelland E. (2015). Plant signalling mechanisms in response to the environment. DOI

Felsenstein J. (1985). Phylogenies and the comparative method. DOI

Fernandez-Marin B., Miguez F., Becerril J. M., Garcia-Plazaola J. I. (2011). Activation of violaxanthin cycle in darkness is a common response to different abiotic stresses: a case study in PubMed DOI PMC

Figueroa J. A., Armesto J. J. (2001). Community-wide germination strategies in a temperate rainforest of Southern Chile: ecological and evolutionary correlates. DOI

Forster B., Pogson B. J., Osmond C. B. (2011). Lutein from deepoxidation of lutein epoxide replaces zeaxanthin to sustain an enhanced capacity for nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in avocado shade leaves in the dark. PubMed DOI PMC

Foyer C. H., Vanacker H., Gomez L. D., Harbinson J. (2002). Regulation of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in maize leaves at optimal and chilling temperatures: review. DOI

Franks S. J., Weber J. J., Aitken S. N. (2014). Evolutionary and plastic responses to climate change in terrestrial plant populations. PubMed DOI PMC

Fridovich I. (1986). Superoxide dismutases. PubMed

Friend A. D., Woodward F. I., Switsur V. R. (1989). Field measurements of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf nitrogen and delta-C13 along altitudinal gradients in Scotland. DOI

Gailing O., Langenfeld-Heyser R., Polle A., Finkeldey R. (2008). Quantitative trait loci affecting stomatal density and growth in a Quercus robur progeny: implications for the adaptation to changing environments. DOI

Garcia L. V. (2004). Escaping the Bonferroni iron claw in ecological studies. DOI

Gotelli N., Ellison A. (2004).

Gugger S., Kesselring H., Stoecklin J., Hamann E. (2015). Lower plasticity exhibited by high- versus mid-elevation species in their phenological responses to manipulated temperature and drought. PubMed DOI PMC

Hasanuzzaman M., Nahar K., Fujita M. (2013). “Extreme temperature responses, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plants,” in

Havaux M., Niyogi K. K. (1999). The violaxanthin cycle protects plants from photooxidative damage by more than one mechanism. PubMed DOI PMC

Hecke K., Tausz M., Gigele T., Havranek W. M., Anfodillo T., Grill D. (2003). Foliar antioxidants and protective pigments in DOI

Hemrová L., Knappová J., Münzbergová Z. (2016). Assessment of habitat suitability is affected by plant-soil feedback: comparison of field and garden experiment. PubMed DOI PMC

Hijmans R. J., Cameron S. E., Parra J. L., Jones P. G., Jarvis A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. DOI

Hodgson J. G., Santini B. A., Marti G. M., Pla F. R., Jones G., Bogaard A., et al. (2017). Trade-offs between seed and leaf size (seed-phytomer-leaf theory): functional glue linking regenerative with life history strategies a Euro broken vertical bar and taxonomy with ecology? PubMed DOI PMC

Hola D., Benešová M., Fischer L., Haisel D., Hnilička F., Hniličková H., et al. (2017). The disadvantages of being a hybrid during drought: a combined analysis of plant morphology, physiology and leaf proteome in maize. PubMed DOI PMC

Hultine K. R., Marshall J. D. (2000). Altitude trends in conifer leaf morphology and stable carbon isotope composition. PubMed DOI

Hurlbert S. H. (1984). Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. DOI

Husáková I., Münzbergová Z. (2016). The effect of current and historical landscape structure and species life-history traits on species distribution in dry grassland-like forest openings. DOI

Jahns P., Holzwarth A. R. (2012). The role of the xanthophyll cycle and of lutein in photoprotection of photosystem II. PubMed DOI

Jaleel C. A., Manivannan P., Wahid A., Farooq M., Al-Juburi H. J., Somasundaram R., et al. (2009). Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition.

Janssens S. B., Knox E. B., Huysmans S., Smets E. F., Merckx V. (2009). Rapid radiation of impatiens (Balsaminaceae) during Pliocene and Pleistocene: result of a global climate change. PubMed DOI

Jump A. S., Penuelas J. (2005). Running to stand still: adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change. PubMed DOI

Jumrani K., Bhatia V. S., Pandey G. P. (2017). Impact of elevated temperatures on specific leaf weight, stomatal density, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in soybean. PubMed DOI

Kapoor D., Sharma R., Handa N., Kaur H., Rattan A., Yadav P., et al. (2015). Redox homeostasis in plants under abiotic stress: role of electron carriers, energy metabolism mediators and proteinaceous thiols. DOI

Kergunteuil A., Humair L., Münzbergová Z., Rasmann S. (2019). Plant adaptation to different climates shapes the strengths of chemically-mediated tritrophic interactions. DOI

Kerkhoff A. J., Fagan W. F., Elser J. J., Enquist B. J. (2006). Phylogenetic and growth form variation in the scaling of nitrogen and phosphorus in the seed plants. PubMed DOI

Knapp A. K., Beier C., Briske D. D., Classen A. T., Luo Y., Reichstein M., et al. (2008). Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems. DOI

Knappová J., Židlickác D., Kadlecc T., Knappc M., Haiseld D., Hadincová V., et al. (2018). Population differentiation related to climate of origin affects the intensity of plant-herbivore interactions in a clonal grass. DOI

Körner C. (1999).

Körner C., Cochrane P. M. (1985). Stomatal responses and water relations of PubMed DOI

Lopez-Orenes A., Bueso M. C., Conesa H. M., Calderon A. A., Ferrer M. A. (2017). Seasonal changes in antioxidative/oxidative profile of mining and non-mining populations of Syrian beancaper as determined by soil conditions. PubMed DOI

Lubovska Z., Dobra J., Storchova H., Wilhelmova N., Vankova R. (2014). Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase overexpression modifies antioxidant defense against heat, drought and their combination in PubMed DOI

Martins M. Q., Rodrigues W. P., Fortunato A. S., Leitão A. E., Rodrigues A. P., Pais I. P., et al. (2016). Protective response mechanisms to heat stress in interaction with high CO2 conditions in PubMed DOI PMC

Maxwell K., Johnson G. N. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence - a practical guide. PubMed DOI

Mittler R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. PubMed DOI

Mittler R. (2006). Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. PubMed DOI

Moles A. T., Ackerly D. D., Webb C. O., Tweddle J. C., Dickie J. B., Westoby M. (2005). A brief history of seed size. PubMed DOI

Moran M. D. (2003). Arguments for rejecting the sequential Bonferroni in ecological studies. DOI

Munoz P., Munne-Bosch S. (2018). Photo-oxidative stress during leaf, flower and fruit development. PubMed DOI PMC

Münzbergová Z. (2007). No effect of ploidy level in plant response to competition in a common garden experiment. DOI

Münzbergová Z., Hadincová V. (2017). Transgenerational plasticity as an important mechanism affecting response of clonal species to changing climate. PubMed DOI PMC

Münzbergová Z., Hadincová V., Skálová H., Vandvik V. (2017). Genetic differentiation and plasticity interact along temperature and precipitation gradients to determine plant performance under climate change. DOI

Münzbergová Z., Haisel D. (2019). Effects of polyploidization on the contents of photosynthetic pigments are largely population-specific. PubMed DOI

Münzbergová Z., Plačková I. (2010). Seed mass and population characteristics interact to determine performance of DOI

Münzbergová Z., Skuhrovec J. (2013). Effect of habitat conditions and plant traits on leaf damage in the Carduoideae subfamily. PubMed DOI PMC

Muscarella R., Bacon C. D., Faurby S., Antonelli A., Munch S., Jens-Christian Svenning K., et al. (2019). Soil fertility and flood regime are correlated with phylogenetic structure of Amazonian palm communities. PubMed DOI PMC

Nakano Y., Asada K. (1981). Hydrogen-peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach-chloroplasts.

Nicotra A. B., Atkin O. K., Bonser S. P., Davidson A. M., Finnegan E. J., Mathesius U., et al. (2010). Plant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate. PubMed DOI

Niyogi K. K. (1999). Photoprotection revisited: genetic and molecular approaches. PubMed DOI

Oleksyn J., Reich P. B., Zytkowiak R., Karolewski P., Tjoelker M. G. (2002). Needle nutrients in geographically diverse DOI

Olsen R., Cole C., Watanabe F., Dean L. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with podium bicarbonate.

Oncel I., Yurdakulol E., Keles Y., Kurt L., Yildiz A. (2004). Role of antioxidant defense system and biochemical adaptation on stress tolerance of high mountain and steppe plants. DOI

Padilla F. M., Aarts B. H. J., Roijendijk Y. O. A., de Caluwe H., Mommer L., Visser E. J. W., et al. (2013). Root plasticity maintains growth of temperate grassland species under pulsed water supply. DOI

Paradis E., Claude J., Strimmer K. (2004). APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. PubMed DOI

Pavlíková Z., Holá D., Vlasáková B., Procházka T., Münzbergová Z. (2017). Physiological and fitness differences between cytotypes vary with stress in a grassland perennial herb. PubMed DOI PMC

Pigliucci M. (2001).

Poorter H., Niinemets U., Poorter L., Wright I. J., Villar R. (2009). Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis. PubMed DOI

Pospisilova J., Haisel D., Synková H., Čatský J., Wilhelmová N., Plzáková Š., et al. (2000). Photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange during ex vitro acclimation of tobacco plants as affected by CO2 supply and abscisic acid. DOI

Press J. R., Shrestha K. K., Sutton D. A. (2000).

Prinzing A., Reiffers R., Braakhekke W. G., Hennekens S. M., Tackenberg O., Ozinga W. A., et al. (2008). Less lineages - more trait variation: phylogenetically clustered plant communities are functionally more diverse. PubMed DOI

Raabova J., Munzbergova Z., Fischer M. (2011). The role of spatial scale and soil for local adaptation in DOI

Ramirez-Valiente J. A., Koehler K., Cavender-Bares J. (2015). Climatic origins predict variation in photoprotective leaf pigments in response to drought and low temperatures in live oaks (Quercus series Virentes). PubMed DOI

Ran F., Zhang X. L., Zhang Y. B., Korpelainen H., Li C. Y. (2013). Altitudinal variation in growth, photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency of DOI

Rasmann S., Pellissier L., Defossez E., Jactel H., Kunstler G. (2014). Climate-driven change in plant-insect interactions along elevation gradients. DOI

Raven J. A. (2002). Selection pressures on stomatal evolution. PubMed DOI

Ren H. X., Wang Z. L., Chen X., Zhu Y. L. (1999). Antioxidative responses to different altitudes in DOI

Rice W. R. (1989). Analyzing tables of statistical tests. PubMed DOI

Richardson A. D. (2004). Foliar chemistry of balsam fir and red spruce in relation to elevation and the canopy light gradient in the mountains of the northeastern United States. DOI

Rokaya M. B., Dostálek T., Münzbergová Z. (2016). Plant-herbivore interactions along elevational gradient: comparison of field and common garden data. DOI

Ruban A. V. (2016). Nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching: mechanism and effectiveness in protecting plants from photodamage. PubMed DOI PMC

Rustad L. E., Campbell J., Marion G., Norby R., Mitchell M., Hartley A., et al. (2001). A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. PubMed DOI

Saez P. L., Rivera B. K., Ramírez C. F., Vallejos V., Cavieres L. A., Corcuera L. J., et al. (2019). Effects of temperature and water availability on light energy utilization in photosynthetic processes of PubMed DOI

Sairam R. K., Saxena D. C. (2000). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in wheat genotypes: possible mechanism of water stress tolerance. DOI

Scandalios J. G. (2005). Oxidative stress: molecular perception and transduction of signals triggering antioxidant gene defenses. PubMed DOI

Scheepens J. F., Stocklin J. (2013). Flowering phenology and reproductive fitness along a mountain slope: maladaptive responses to transplantation to a warmer climate in PubMed DOI

Shajitha P. P., Dhanesh N. R., Ebin P. J., Laly J., Aneesha D., Reshma J., et al. (2016). A combined chloroplast PubMed DOI PMC

Singh S., Gupta A. K., Kaur N. (2012). Differential responses of antioxidative defence system to long-term field drought in wheat ( DOI

Šmilauer P., Lepš J. (2014).

Soares C., Carvalho M. E. A., Azevedo R. A., Fidalgo F. (2019). Plants facing oxidative challenges-A little help from the antioxidant networks. DOI

Song Y., Yuan Y. M., Kupfer P. (2003). Chromosomal evolution in Balsaminaceae, with cytological observations on 45 species from Southeast Asia. DOI

Streb P., Feierabend J., Bligny R. (1997). Resistance to photoinhibition of photosystem II and catalase and antioxidative protection in high mountain plants. DOI

Sugano S. S., Shimada T., Imai Y., Okawa K., Tamai A., Mori M., et al. (2010). Stomagen positively regulates stomatal density in PubMed DOI

Szymanska R., Slesak I., Orzechowska A., Kruk J. (2017). Physiological and biochemical responses to high light and temperature stress in plants. DOI

Taiz L., Zeiger E. (2006).

Tang Y. L., Wen X. G., Lu Q. T., Yang Z. P., Cheng Z. K., Lu C. M. (2007). Heat stress induces an aggregation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II in spinach plants. PubMed DOI PMC

Tatebe H., Ishii M., Mochizuki T., Chikamoto Y., Sakamoto T. T., Komuro Y., et al. (2012). The initialization of the MIROC climate models with hydrographic data assimilation for decadal prediction. DOI

Van Breusegem F., Dat J. F. (2006). Reactive oxygen species in plant cell death. PubMed DOI PMC

Van De Velde H., AbdElgawad H., Asard H., Beemster G. T. S., Selim S., Nijs I., et al. (2019). Interspecific plant competition mediates the metabolic and ecological signature of a plant-herbivore interaction under warming and elevated CO2. DOI

Veselá A., Dostálek T., Rokaya M., Münzbergová Z. (2019). Seed mass and plant origin interact to determine species germination patterns. DOI

Veselá A., Duongová L., Münzbergová Z. (2020). Plant origin determines seed mass, seed nutrients and germination behavior of a dominant grass species. DOI

Walck J. L., Hidayati S. N., Dixon K. W., Thompson K., Poschlod P. (2011). Climate change and plant regeneration from seed. DOI

Wang Y. P., He W. L., Huang H. Y., An L. Z., Wang D., Zhang F. (2009). Antioxidative responses to different altitudes in leaves of alpine plant DOI

Weih M., Karlsson P. S. (2001). Growth response of Mountain birch to air and soil temperature: is increasing leaf-nitrogen content an acclimation to lower air temperature? DOI

Weiner J. (2004). Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants. DOI

Wiens J. J., Ackerly D. D., Allen A. P., Anacker B. L., Buckley L. B., Cornell H. V., et al. (2010). Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology. PubMed DOI

Wigley B. J., Slingsby J. A., Diaz S., Bond W. J., Fritz H., Coetsee C. (2016). Leaf traits of African woody savanna species across climate and soil fertility gradients: evidence for conservative versus acquisitive resource-use strategies. DOI

Wild J., Kopecky M., Macek M., Sanda M., Jankovec J., Haase T. (2019). Climate at ecologically relevant scales: a new temperature and soil moisture logger for long-term microclimate measurement. DOI

Wildi B., Lutz C. (1996). Antioxidant composition of selected high alpine plant species from different altitudes. DOI

Willekens H., Davey M. W., Montagu M. V., Inzé D. (1997). Catalase is a sink for H2O2 and is indispensable for stress defence in C-3 plants. PubMed DOI PMC

Willekens H., Inze D., Vanmontagu M., Vancamp W. (1995). Catalases in plants. DOI

Woodward F. I., Bazzaz F. A. (1988). The responses of stomatal density to CO2 partial pressure. DOI

Woodward F. I., Lake J. A., Quick W. P. (2002). Stomatal development and CO2: ecological consequences. PubMed DOI

Wright I. J., Ackerly D. D., Bongers F., Harms K. E., Ibarra-Manriquez G., Martinez-Ramos M., et al. (2007). Relationships among ecologically important dimensions of plant trait variation in seven Neotropical forests. PubMed DOI PMC

Wright I. J., Reich P. B., Westoby M. (2001). Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high- and low-rainfall and high- and low-nutrient habitats. DOI

Yan W. M., Zhong Y. Q. W., Shangguan Z. P. (2017). Contrasting responses of leaf stomatal characteristics to climate change: a considerable challenge to predict carbon and water cycles. PubMed DOI

Yeh C. H., Kaplinsky N. J., Hu C., Charng Y. Y. (2012). Some like it hot, some like it warm: phenotyping to explore thermotolerance diversity. PubMed DOI PMC

Yu S. X., Janssens S. B., Zhu X. Y., Liden M., Gao T. G., Wang W. (2016). Phylogeny of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): integrating molecular and morphological evidence into a new classification. PubMed DOI

Yuan Y. M., Song Y., Geuten K., Rahelivololona E., Wohlhauser S., Fischer E., et al. (2004). Phylogeny and biogeography of Balsaminaceae inferred from ITS sequences. DOI

Zhang L., Niu H., Wang S., Zhu X., Luo C., Li Y., et al. (2012). Gene or environment? Species-specific control of stomatal density and length. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang S. T., Du G. Z., Chen J. K. (2004). Seed size in relation to phylogeny, growth form and longevity in a subalpine meadow on the east of the Tibetan Plateau. DOI

Effect of DNA methylation, modified by 5-azaC, on ecophysiological responses of a clonal plant to changing climate

The role of plant-soil feedback in long-term species coexistence cannot be predicted from its effects on plant performance

Plant palatability and trait responses to experimental warming