Most plants grow and develop by taking up nutrients from the soil while continuously under threat from foraging animals. Carnivorous plants have turned the tables by capturing and consuming nutrient-rich animal prey, enabling them to thrive in nutrient-poor soil. To better understand the evolution of botanical carnivory, we compared the draft genome of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) with that of its aquatic sister, the waterwheel plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, and the sundew Drosera spatulata. We identified an early whole-genome duplication in the family as source for carnivory-associated genes. Recruitment of genes to the trap from the root especially was a major mechanism in the evolution of carnivory, supported by family-specific duplications. Still, these genomes belong to the gene poorest land plants sequenced thus far, suggesting reduction of selective pressure on different processes, including non-carnivorous nutrient acquisition. Our results show how non-carnivorous plants evolved into the most skillful green hunters on the planet.

Advanced Science Research Center Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920 0934 Japan

Department for Bioinformatics Biocenter University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology Faculty for Biology University Würzburg Klara Oppenheimer Weg 32 Campus Hubland Nord 97074 Würzburg Germany

Department for Bioinformatics Biocenter University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany; Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics University Würzburg Julius von Sachs Platz 2 97082 Würzburg Germany

Department of Functional Ecology Institute of Botany CAS 379 01 Třeboň Czech Republic

Department of Plant Science School of Agriculture Tokai University Kumamoto 862 8652 Japan

Faculty of Education Gifu University Gifu 501 1193 Japan

Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics University Würzburg Julius von Sachs Platz 2 97082 Würzburg Germany

Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics University Würzburg Julius von Sachs Platz 2 97082 Würzburg Germany; Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology Faculty for Biology University Würzburg Klara Oppenheimer Weg 32 Campus Hubland Nord 97074 Würzburg Germany

Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics University Würzburg Julius von Sachs Platz 2 97082 Würzburg Germany; Zoology Department College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Institute of Bio and Geosciences Forschungszentrum Jülich Corrensstraße 3 06466 Gatersleben Germany

Institute of Horticultural Production Systems Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology Leibniz University Hannover Herrenhäuser Str 2 30419 Hannover Germany

Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben Germany

National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki 444 8585 Japan

National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki 444 8585 Japan; Department of Basic Biology The Graduate School for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Okazaki 444 8585 Japan

National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki 444 8585 Japan; Department of Basic Biology The Graduate School for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Okazaki 444 8585 Japan; Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics University Würzburg Julius von Sachs Platz 2 97082 Würzburg Germany

National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki 444 8585 Japan; Department of Basic Biology The Graduate School for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Okazaki 444 8585 Japan; School of Engineering Utsunomiya University Utsunomiya 321 8585 Japan

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Is the co-option of jasmonate signalling for botanical carnivory a universal trait for all carnivorous plants?

Editorial: Mixotrophic, Secondary Heterotrophic, and Parasitic Algae

Recent ecophysiological, biochemical and evolutional insights into plant carnivory

Holocentric Chromosomes Probably Do Not Prevent Centromere Drive in Cyperaceae

A Chemometry of Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Waterwheel, Droseraceae) Populations