The genus Aldrovanda is a Palaeogene element containing a single extant species, Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. This aquatic carnivorous herb has a very wide range of distribution, natively covering four continents; however, it is a critically endangered aquatic plant species worldwide. Previous studies revealed that A. vesiculosa had an extremely low genetic variation. The main aim of the present paper is to explore, using chemometric tools, the diversity of 16 A. vesiculosa populations from various sites from four continents (Eurasia, Africa, Australia). Using chemometric data as markers for genetic diversity, we show the relationships of 16 A. vesiculosa populations from various sites, including four continents. Phytochemical markers allowed the identification of five well-supported (bootstrap > 90%) groups among the 16 populations sampled. The principal component analysis data support the idea that the strongly related African (Botswana) and Australian (Kimberley, NT, NW Australia) populations are the most distant ones, separated from the European and Asian ones. However, considering the five Australian populations sampled, three are nested within the Eurasian group. The chemometric data are correlated positively with the geographical distances between the samples, which suggests a tendency toward isolation for the most distant populations.

Department of Analytical Chemistry Medical University of Lublin Chodźki 4a 20 093 Lublin Poland

Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology Institute of Botany CAS Dukelská 135 CZ 379 01 Třeboň Czech Republic

Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics Medical University of Lublin 20 093 Lublin Poland

Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology Institute of Botany Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University in Kraków Gronostajowa 9 St 30 387 Cracow Poland

Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics Institute of Biological Science Maria Curie Skłodowska University Akademicka 19 20 033 Lublin Poland

Department of Pneumology Oncology and Allergology Medical University of Lublin 20 090 Lublin Poland

Laboratory of Plant Systematics Department of Applied Biology Campus Jaboticabal School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences UNESP São Paulo State University São Paulo CEP 14884 900 Brazil

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