MiR-34a belongs to the class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs and functions as a tumor suppressor. Under physiological conditions, miR-34a has an inhibitory effect on all processes related to cell proliferation by targeting many proto-oncogenes and silencing them on the post-transcriptional level. However, deregulation of miR-34a was shown to play important roles in tumorigenesis and processes associated with cancer progression, such as tumor-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, further understanding of miR-34a molecular mechanisms in cancer are indispensable for the development of effective diagnosis and treatments. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on miR-34a functions in human disease with an emphasis on its regulation and dysregulation, its role in human cancer, specifically head and neck squamous carcinoma and thyroid cancer, and emerging role as a disease diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and the novel therapeutic target in oncology.

Department of Biology Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University 32300 Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Imaging Methods University Hospital Pilsen Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University 32300 Pilsen Czech Republic

Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Motol 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University 15006 Prague Czech Republic

Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University 33520 Tampere Finland

Pathology Fimlab Laboratories 33520 Tampere Finland

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