Due to insufficient amount of soluble phosphate and poor persistence of traditional chemical phosphate fertilizers in agricultural soils, the eco-friendly and sustainable phosphorus sources for crops are urgently required. The efficient phosphate-releasing fungal strain designated y2 was isolated and identified by the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA as Penicillium oxalicum y2. When lecithin, Ca3(PO4)2, or ground phosphate rock were separately used as sole phosphorus source, different phosphate-releasing modes were observed. The strain y2 was able to release as high as 2090 mg/L soluble phosphate within 12 days of incubation with Ca3(PO4)2 as sole phosphorus source. In the culture solution, high concentration of oxalic, citric, and malic acids and high phosphatase activity were detected. The organic acids contributed to solubilizing inorganic phosphate sources, while phosphatase was in charge of the mineralization of organic phosphorus lecithin. Afterwards, the fungus culture was applied to the soil with rape growing. During 50 days of incubation, the soil's available phosphate concentration increased by three times compared with the control, the dry weight of rape increased by 78.73%, and the root length increased by 38.79%. The results illustrated that P. oxalicum y2 possessed both abilities of solubilizing inorganic phosphorus and mineralizing organic phosphorus, which have great potential application in providing biofertilizer for modern agriculture.

College of Environmental Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China

Department of Microbiology Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan

Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 China

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Abbasi MK, Manzoor M (2018) Biosolubilization of phosphorus from rock phosphate and other P fertilizers in response to phosphate solubilizing bacteria and poultry manure in a silt loam calcareous soil. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 181:345–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201800012 DOI

Asea P, Kucey R, Stewart J (1988) Inorganic phosphate solubilization by two Penicillium species in solution culture and soil. Soil Biol Biochem 20:459–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)90058-2 DOI

Balemi T, Negisho K (2012) Management of soil phosphorus and plant adaptation mechanisms to phosphorus stress for sustainable crop production: a review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 12:547–562. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162012005000015 DOI

Calvaruso C, Turpault M-P, Frey-Klett P, Uroz S, Pierret M-C, Tosheva Z, Kies A (2013) Increase of apatite dissolution rate by Scots pine roots associated or not with Burkholderia glathei PML1 (12) Rp in open-system flow microcosms. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 106:287–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.014 DOI

Chen W, Yang F, Zhang L, Wang J (2016) Organic acid secretion and phosphate solubilizing efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. PSB12: effects of phosphorus forms and carbon sources. Geomicrobiol J 33:870–877. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2015.1123329 DOI

Gyaneshwar P, Kumar GN, Parekh L, Poole P (2002) Role of soil microorganisms in improving P nutrition of plants. Plant Soil 245:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020663916259 DOI

Halder A, Banerjee A, Mishra A, Chakrabartty P (1992) Role of NH or NO on release of soluble phosphate from hydroxyapatite by Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. J Basic Microbiol 32:325–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3620320508 DOI

Ikotun T (1984) Production of oxalic acid by Penicillium oxalicum in culture and in infected yam tissue and interaction with macerating enzyme. Mycopathologia 88:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00439288 DOI

Illmer P, Schinner F (1992) Solubilization of inorganic phosphates by microorganisms isolated from forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 24:389–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(92)90199-8 DOI

Illmer P, Schinner F (1995) Solubilization of inorganic calcium phosphates—solubilization mechanisms. Soil Biol Biochem 27:257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)00190-c DOI

Kang J, Amoozegar A, Hesterberg D, Osmond DL (2011) Phosphorus leaching in a sandy soil as affected by organic and inorganic fertilizer sources. Geoderma 161:194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.12.019 DOI

Khan MS, Zaidi A, Ahemad M, Oves M, Wani PA (2010) Plant growth promotion by phosphate solubilizing fungi–current perspective. Arch Agron Soil Sci 56:73–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340902806469 DOI

Kucey R (1983) Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi in various cultivated and virgin Alberta soils. Can J Soil Sci 63:671–678. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss83-068 DOI

Larena I, Sabuquillo P, Melgarejo P, De Cal A (2003) Biocontrol of Fusarium and Verticillium wilt of tomato by Penicillium oxalicum under greenhouse and field conditions. J Phytopathol 151:507–512. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00762.x DOI

Li Z et al (2016) A study of organic acid production in contrasts between two phosphate solubilizing fungi: Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus niger. Sci Rep 6:25313. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25313 PubMed DOI PMC

Mohammadi K (2012) Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria: occurrence, mechanisms and their role in crop production. Resour Environ 2:80–85

Panhwar QA, Radziah O, Naher UA, Zaharah AR, Razi MI, Shamshuddin J (2013) Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and oxalic acid on phosphate uptake from different P fractions and growth improvement of aerobic rice using 32P technique. Aust J Crop Sci 7:1131

Relwani L, Krishna P, Reddy MS (2008) Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on phosphate solubilization by a wild-type strain and UV-induced mutants of Aspergillus tubingensis. Curr Microbiol 57:401–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-008-9212-y PubMed DOI

Reyes I, Bernier L, Simard RR, Antoun H (1999) Effect of nitrogen source on the solubilization of different inorganic phosphates by an isolate of Penicillium rugulosum and two UV-induced mutants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 28:281–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00583.x DOI

Rose TJ, Hardiputra B, Rengel Z (2010) Wheat, canola and grain legume access to soil phosphorus fractions differs in soils with contrasting phosphorus dynamics. Plant Soil 326:159–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9990-4 DOI

Saxena J, Rawat J, Sanwal P (2016) Enhancement of growth and yield of glycine max plants with inoculation of phosphate solubilizing fungus Aspergillus niger k7 and biochar amendment in soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 47:2334–2347. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1243708 DOI

Sharma SB, Sayyed RZ, Trivedi MH, Gobi TA (2013) Phosphate solubilizing microbes: sustainable approach for managing phosphorus deficiency in agricultural soils. SpringerPlus 2:587. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-587 PubMed DOI PMC

Tao G-C, Tian S-J, Cai M-Y, Xie G-H (2008) Phosphate-solubilizing and -mineralizing abilities of bacteria isolated from soils. Pedosphere 18:515–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60042-9 DOI

Vance CP, Uhde-Stone C, Allan DL (2003) Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytol 157:423–447. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.x DOI

Vessey JK, Heisinger KG (2001) Effect of Penicillium bilaii inoculation and phosphorus fertilisation on root and shoot parameters of field-grown pea. Can J Plant Sci 81:361–366. https://doi.org/10.4141/P00-083 DOI

Watanabe F, Olsen S (1965) Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO3 extracts from soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 29:677–678. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900060025x DOI

Whitelaw M, Harden T, Helyar K (1999) Phosphate solubilisation in solution culture by the soil fungus Penicillium radicum. Soil Biol Biochem 31:655–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00130-8 DOI

Zhang Y et al (2018) Isolation and characterization of two phosphate-solubilizing fungi from rhizosphere soil of moso bamboo and their functional capacities when exposed to different phosphorus sources and pH environments. PLoS One 13:e0199625. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199625 PubMed DOI PMC

Zou X, Binkley D, Doxtader KG (1992) A new method for estimating gross phosphorus mineralization and immobilization rates in soils. Plant Soil 147:243–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029076 DOI