Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three most essential micronutrients which play major roles in plant survivability by being a structural or non-structural component of the cell. Plants acquire these nutrients from soil in the fixed (NO3 ̄, NH4+) and solubilized forms (K+, H2PO4- and HPO42-). In soil, the fixed and solubilized forms of nutrients are unavailable or available in bare minimum amounts; therefore, agrochemicals were introduced. Agrochemicals, mined from the deposits or chemically prepared, have been widely used in the agricultural farms over the decades for the sake of higher production of the crops. The excessive use of agrochemicals has been found to be deleterious for humans, as well as the environment. In the environment, agrochemical usage resulted in soil acidification, disturbance of microbial ecology, and eutrophication of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. A solution to such devastating agro-input was found to be substituted by macronutrients-availing microbiomes. Macronutrients-availing microbiomes solubilize and fix the insoluble form of nutrients and convert them into soluble forms without causing any significant harm to the environment. Microbes convert the insoluble form to the soluble form of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) through different mechanisms such as fixation, solubilization, and chelation. The microbiomes having capability of fixing and solubilizing nutrients contain some specific genes which have been reported in diverse microbial species surviving in different niches. In the present review, the biodiversity, mechanism of action, and genomics of different macronutrients-availing microbiomes are presented.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * metabolismus genetika klasifikace MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- biotechnologie * MeSH
- draslík metabolismus MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- živiny * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Osteoporóza je chronické metabolické onemocnění kostí, které vzniká důsledkem nerovnováhy mezi kostní novotvorbou a resorpcí. Kostní remodelace je dynamický proces ovlivněný genetickými faktory, výživou a pohybovou aktivitou. Vápník, fosfor a vitamin D jsou ústředními nutričními faktory v prevenci a léčbě osteoporózy, ale vzhledem ke složitosti kostní tkáně je nezbytné zohlednit i další nutrienty. Článek shrnuje význam jednotlivých živin, diskutuje rizika spojená s nevhodnými stravovacími návyky, rostoucí spotřebou průmyslově zpracovaných potravin a zdůrazňuje význam celkového životního stylu v prevenci osteoporózy. Přehled poskytuje ucelený obraz na význam jednotlivých živin v primární prevenci osteoporózy s ohledem na aktuální trendy a nabízí praktická doporučení pro podporu zdraví kostí.
Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic bone disease that results from an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. Bone remodeling is a dynamic process influenced by genetic factors, nutrition and physical activity. Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D are key nutritional factors in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but due to the complexity of bone tissue, other nutrients must also be considered. This article summarizes the importance of each nutrient, discusses the risks associated with inappropriate dietary habits, increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods and emphasizes the importance of overall lifestyle in the prevention of osteoporosis. This review offers a comprehensive view of the role of individual nutrients in the primary prevention of osteoporosis in the context of current trends and provides practical recommendations for maintaining bone health.
- MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- hořčík metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nenasycené mastné kyseliny metabolismus MeSH
- osteoporóza * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- průmyslově zpracované potraviny MeSH
- vápník metabolismus MeSH
- vitaminy metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- živiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
OBJECTIVE: This research investigated the effects of different hemodialysis modalities combined with low-calcium dialysate (LCD) on mineral metabolism and vascular calcification (VC) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: General data were collected from 192 cases of MHD patients, who were divided into 4 groups according to the randomized numerical table. Each group was given LCD treatment, and conventional hemodialysis (HD), high-flux HD (HFHD), hemodiafiltration (HDF), and HD + hemoperfusion (HP) were performed, respectively. The patients were dialyzed 3 times per week for 4 h each time, and each group was treated for 6 months. Fasting venous blood was collected. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured by ELISA, calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (P), Ca2+-P product, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), β2 microglobulin (β2-MG), and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined by turbidimetric assay, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by autoradiographic immunoassay. To assess the extent of calcification in the iliac artery and abdominal aorta, a multilayer spiral CT device was employed for abdominal scans. RESULTS: Serum IL-6, hs-CRP, TNF-α, Ca2+, P, Ca2+-P product, SCr, BUN, β2-MG, iPTH, and ALP levels decreased, while 25(OH)D levels increased in the four groups after treatment. The most pronounced effect on the reduction of IL-6, hs-CRP, TNF-α, Ca2+, P, Ca2+-P product, SCr, BUN, β2-MG, iPTH, and ALP was in the HD + HP group, followed by the HDF and HFHD groups, and then by the HD group. The rate of VC in the HDF, HFHD, and HD + HP groups was lower than that in the HD group, and the rate in the HD + HP group was lower than that in the HDF and HFHD groups. CONCLUSION: The combination of HD + HP and LCD in treating CKD with MHD is effective, evidently rectifying disruptions in serum Ca2+ and P metabolism, enhancing kidney function, lessening the body's inflammatory response, and lessening VC.
- MeSH
- C-reaktivní protein metabolismus analýza MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience * terapie krev komplikace metabolismus MeSH
- dialýza ledvin * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dialyzační roztoky farmakologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fosfor krev MeSH
- interleukin-6 krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minerály metabolismus krev MeSH
- parathormon krev MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- TNF-alfa krev MeSH
- vápník * krev metabolismus MeSH
- vaskulární kalcifikace * krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Phosphate-solubilising fungi (PSF) are beneficial microorganisms that play a pivotal role in plant growth by increasing the availability of phosphorus (P) in soil. Although phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants, it often becomes inaccessible as it binds into insoluble forms. PSF effectively facilitate the release of this bound phosphorus through diverse mechanisms. Numerous fungal species demonstrate the ability to solubilise various types of phosphate compounds. Among the commonly researched PSF are Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Sclerotium. Moreover, yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can potentially be leveraged as PSF. PSF secrete organic acids that chelate phosphate ions, thereby increasing their solubility in the soil. Moreover, PSF contribute to the decomposition of organic phosphorus compounds in soil by employing enzymes such as phosphatases, phytases, and phosphonatases. Furthermore, PSF can interact with other soil microorganisms, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM-fungi), fostering synergistic effects that further enhance plant growth and nutrient absorption. The utilisation of PSF as biofertilisers offers numerous advantages over chemical fertilisers, including environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced fertiliser utilisation efficiency. Furthermore, PSF can prove beneficial in challenging environments characterised by high phosphate sorption. Hence, this review serves as an updated study aimed at broadening the understanding of PSF and its potential applications in P solubilisation. This review also focuses on the diversity of PSF, the mechanisms underlying solubilisation, ecological roles of PSF in soil microbiome, and the benefits of sustainable agriculture. By delving into the ecological roles of PSF and their potential as biofertilisers, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of sustainable agriculture practices and addresses challenges in phosphate-scarce environments.
- MeSH
- fosfáty * metabolismus MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- houby * metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- mykorhiza metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva * analýza MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- vývoj rostlin * MeSH
- zemědělství * metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
In the past few decades, the pressure of higher food production to satisfy the demand of ever rising population has inevitably increased the use synthetic agrochemicals which have deterioration effects. Biostimulants containing beneficial microbes (single inoculants and microbial consortium) were found as an ideal substitute of synthetic chemical fertilizers. In recent years, microbial consortium is known as a better bioinoculant in comparison to single inoculant bioformulation because of multifarious plant growth-promoting advantages. Looking at the advantageous effect of consortium, in present investigation, different bacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil and plant samples collected from the Himalayan mountains on the green slopes of the Shivaliks, Himachal Pradesh. The isolated bacteria were screened for nitrogen (N) fixation, phosphorus (P) solubilization and potassium (K) solubilization plant growth promoting attributes, and efficient strains were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLASTn analysis. The bacteria showing a positive effect in NPK uptake were developed as bacterial consortium for the growth promotion of eggplant crop. A total of 188 rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria were sorted out, among which 13 were exhibiting nitrogenase activity, whereas 43 and 31 were exhibiting P and K solubilization traits, respectively. The selected three efficient and potential bacterial strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Enterobacter ludwigii EU-BEN-22 (N-fixer; 35.68 ± 00.9 nmol C2H4 per mg protein per h), Micrococcus indicus EU-BRP-6 (P-solubilizer; 201 ± 0.004 mg/L), and Pseudomonas gessardii EU-BRK-55 (K-solubilizer; 51.3 ± 1.7 mg/mL), and they were used to develop a bacterial consortium. The bacterial consortium evaluation on eggplant resulted in the improvement of growth (root/shoot length and biomass) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugar, and phenolic content) of the plants with respect to single culture inoculation, chemical fertilizer, and untreated control. A bacterial consortium having potential to promote plant growth could be used as bioinoculant for horticulture crops growing in hilly regions.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * genetika klasifikace metabolismus izolace a purifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- draslík metabolismus MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fixace dusíku * MeSH
- fosfor * metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- mikrobiální společenstva * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- rhizosféra MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S * genetika MeSH
- Solanum melongena * mikrobiologie MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PURPOSE: The primary goal was to estimate reference values of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in very low birth weight infants without severe neonatal morbidity. A secondary objective was to assess the relationship between PTH serum levels and selected laboratory markers of bone metabolism. METHODS: Ninety two infants with birth weight less than 1500 g met the inclusion criteria of the study. Serum levels of PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D], C3-epi-25(OH)D, total calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase, and urinary levels of calcium, phosphorus, and creatinine were examined on day 14 and subsequently every 2 weeks until discharge. RESULTS: Of the total 167 serum samples examined for PTH levels in infants without 25(OH)D deficiency the estimated range was 0.9-11.9 pmol/l (8.5-112.3 pg/mL). During the first month, no statistically significant correlation was observed between PTH level and that of 25(OH)D, C3-epimers of 25(OH)D, S-Ca, S-P, or ALP, nor with urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus. From the second month of life, there was a moderately significant correlation between PTH and 25(OH)D (Rho = -0.40, P =< .001), between PTH and calcium/creatinine ratio (Rho = -0.56, P = < .001), and between PTH and phosphorus/creatinine ratio (Rho = 0.51, P = < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The physiological range for PTH levels for preterm neonates without 25(OH)D deficiency was estimated as 0.9-11.9 pmol/l (8.5-112.3 pg/mL). It seems that elevation of serum PTH above this range can be considered as hyperparathyroidism in very low birth weight infants.
- MeSH
- alkalická fosfatasa krev MeSH
- fosfor krev moč MeSH
- kreatinin krev moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec s velmi nízkou porodní hmotností * krev moč MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- parathormon * krev MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- vápník * krev moč MeSH
- vitamin D krev analogy a deriváty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Článek se zabývá možnostmi perorální suplementace třech vybraných iontů - sodných, draselných a fosfátových, pomocí individuálně připravovaných léčivých přípravků. Tvoří přehled nejčastěji používaných magistraliter receptur ve Fakultní nemocnici v Motole. Zabývá se popisem dostupných surovin a teoretickou charakteristikou iontů. U vybraných receptur je uvedeno množství iontů jak v hmotnostním, tak i v molárním vyjádření. Receptury reflektují potřebu suplementace iontů ve vhodných dávkách a vhodné lékové formě podle individuálních potřeb pacientů.
The article deals with the possibilities of oral supplementation of three selected ions - sodium, potassium and phosphate, by means of individually prepared medicines. It forms an overview of the most frequently used extemporaneous prescriptions in the University Hospital in Motol. It deals with the description of available raw materials and theoretical characteristics of ions. For selected formulations, the amount of ions is given in both mass and molar terms. The formulas reflect the need for ion supplementation in appropriate doses and appropriate dosage form according to the individual needs of patients.
A-series agent A-234 belongs to a new generation of nerve agents. The poisoning of a former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter in Salisbury, England, in March 2018 led to the inclusion of A-234 and other A-series agents into the Chemical Weapons Convention. Even though five years have already passed, there is still very little information on its chemical properties, biological activities, and treatment options with established antidotes. In this article, we first assessed A-234 stability in neutral pH for subsequent experiments. Then, we determined its inhibitory potential towards human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (HssBChE; EC 3.1.1.8), the ability of HI-6, obidoxime, pralidoxime, methoxime, and trimedoxime to reactivate inhibited cholinesterases (ChEs), its toxicity in rats and therapeutic effects of different antidotal approaches. Finally, we utilized molecular dynamics to explain our findings. The results of spontaneous A-234 hydrolysis showed a slow process with a reaction rate displaying a triphasic course during the first 72 h (the residual concentration 86.2%). A-234 was found to be a potent inhibitor of both human ChEs (HssAChE IC50 = 0.101 ± 0.003 μM and HssBChE IC50 = 0.036 ± 0.002 μM), whereas the five marketed oximes have negligible reactivation ability toward A-234-inhibited HssAChE and HssBChE. The acute toxicity of A-234 is comparable to that of VX and in the context of therapy, atropine and diazepam effectively mitigate A-234 lethality. Even though oxime administration may induce minor improvements, selected oximes (HI-6 and methoxime) do not reactivate ChEs in vivo. Molecular dynamics implies that all marketed oximes are weak nucleophiles, which may explain the failure to reactivate the A-234 phosphorus-serine oxygen bond characterized by low partial charge, in particular, HI-6 and trimedoxime oxime oxygen may not be able to effectively approach the A-234 phosphorus, while pralidoxime displayed low interaction energy. This study is the first to provide essential experimental preclinical data on the A-234 compound.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
- antidota farmakologie MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- fosfor MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyslík MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oximy farmakologie MeSH
- pralidoximové sloučeniny * MeSH
- pyridinové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterasy * farmakologie MeSH
- taurin analogy a deriváty MeSH
- trimedoxim farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
We explored the potential of a fungal strain Aspergillus costaricensis KS1 for modulating growth and nutrient mobilization in rice. At laboratory conditions, there was a decline in pH of the medium on inoculation with the strain and the production of citric acid was observed under broth conditions. Similarly, there was higher solubilization of tricalcium phosphate and siderophore production in liquid medium on inoculation with the strain. The effect of inoculation of KS1 was studied in rice and higher growth and yield were observed on inoculation compared to control. The content of phosphorus and iron in stem and roots of KS1 inoculated plants was higher in comparison with uninoculated control. There was also increased availability of phosphorus and iron content in soil grown with KS1 inoculated plants. In addition, inoculation with strain resulted in a higher content of volatile organic compounds such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and ethyl isoallocholate in stem of rice. A. costaricensis KS1 can be used for improving phosphorus and iron nutrition and impart tolerance against stresses in rice.
- MeSH
- Aspergillus * metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- fosfor * metabolismus analýza MeSH
- fosforečnany vápenaté metabolismus MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina citronová metabolismus MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- rýže (rod) * mikrobiologie metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- siderofory * metabolismus MeSH
- stonky rostlin mikrobiologie metabolismus chemie MeSH
- těkavé organické sloučeniny * metabolismus analýza MeSH
- železo * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
