Eukaryotic complex phototrophs exhibit a colorful evolutionary history. At least three independent endosymbiotic events accompanied by the gene transfer from the endosymbiont to host assembled a complex genomic mosaic. Resulting patchwork may give rise to unique metabolic capabilities; on the other hand, it can also blur the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships. The ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) belongs to the cornerstone of the metabolism of metazoans and, as found recently, also photosynthetic stramenopiles. We have analyzed the distribution and phylogenetic positions of genes encoding enzymes of the urea synthesis pathway in eukaryotes. We show here that metazoan and stramenopile OUC enzymes share common origins and that enzymes of the OUC found in primary algae (including plants) display different origins. The impact of this fact on the evolution of stramenopiles is discussed here.

Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Parasitology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Molecular Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

J Craig Venter Institute 10355 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA

Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA

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