A novel greener methodology is reported for the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) using gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) and the characterization of the ensuing TiO2 NPs by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution-TEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of TiO2 NPs in the anatase phase with high crystal purity, while TEM confirmed the size to be 8.9 ± 1.5 nm with a spherical morphology. The electrode for the electrochemical detection of Pb2+ ions was modified by a carbon paste fabricated using the synthesized TiO2 NPs. Compared to the bare electrode, the fabricated electrode exhibited improved electro-catalytic activity toward the reduction of Pb2+ ions. The detection limit, quantification limit, and the sensitivity of the developed electrode were observed by using differential pulse voltammetry to be 506 ppb, 1.68 ppm, and 0.52 ± 0.01 μA μM-1, respectively. The constructed electrode was tested for the detection of lead content in plastic toys.

Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz 6153753843 Iran

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Biological Sciences Central University of Kerala Periye 671316 India

Department of Chemistry School of Physical Sciences Central University of Kerala Periye 671316 India

Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences Institute for Nanomaterials Advanced Technologies and Innovation Studentská 1402 2 Liberec 1 461 17 Czech Republic

Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials Naples 80125 Italy

Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Palacký University in Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic

School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills Kottayam 686560 Kerala India

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Hyderabad Sy No 36 P Serilingampally Mandal Hyderabad Telangana 500107 India

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Synthesis, Characterization and Physicochemical Properties of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Chitosan Bionanocomposites