Precise detection of important pharmaceuticals with narrow therapeutic index (NTI) is very critical as there is a small window between their effective dose and the doses at which the adverse reactions are very likely to appear. Regarding the fact that various pharmacokinetics will be plausible while considering pharmacogenetic factors and also differences between generic and brand name drugs, accurate detection of NTI will be more important. Current routine analytical techniques suffer from many drawbacks while using novel biosensors can bring up many advantages including fast detection, accuracy, low cost with simple and repeatable measurements. Recently the well-known carbon Nano-allotropes including carbon nanotubes and graphenes have been widely used for development of different Nano-biosensors for a diverse list of analytes because of their great physiochemical features such as high tensile strength, ultra-light weight, unique electronic construction, high thermo-chemical stability, and an appropriate capacity for electron transfer. Because of these exceptional properties, scientists have developed an immense interest in these nanomaterials. In this case, there are important reports to show the effective Nano-carbon based biosensors in the detection of NTI drugs and the present review will critically summarize the available data in this field.

Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies School of Medicine North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences Bojnurd Iran

Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacky University Olomouc 17 Listopadu 12 77146 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Valencia Dr Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain

Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy Zabol University of Medical Sciences Zabol Iran

Immunology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran

Pharmaceutics Research Center Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran

References provided by Crossref.org

Research on the impact of graphene oxide in feed on growth and health parameters in calves