Human introductions of species beyond their natural ranges and their subsequent establishment are defining features of global environmental change. However, naturalized plants are not uniformly distributed across phylogenetic lineages, with some families contributing disproportionately more to the global alien species pool than others. Additionally, lineages differ in diversification rates, and high diversification rates have been associated with characteristics that increase species naturalization success. Here, we investigate the role of diversification rates in explaining the naturalization success of angiosperm plant families. We use five global data sets that include native and alien plant species distribution, horticultural use of plants, and a time-calibrated angiosperm phylogeny. Using phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models, we analysed the effect of diversification rate, different geographical range measures, and horticultural use on the naturalization success of plant families. We show that a family's naturalization success is positively associated with its evolutionary history, native range size, and economic use. Investigating interactive effects of these predictors shows that native range size and geographic distribution additionally affect naturalization success. High diversification rates and large ranges increase naturalization success, especially of temperate families. We suggest this may result from lower ecological specialization in temperate families with large ranges, compared with tropical families with smaller ranges.

Biodiversity Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Büsgenweg 1 Göttingen 37077 Germany

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland 7602 South Africa

Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Goettingen Büsgenweg 1 Göttingen 37077 Germany

Department of Biosciences Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Rennweg 13 Vienna 1030 Austria

Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 Prague CZ 128 44 Czech Republic

Ecology University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 Konstanz 78457 Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany

Institute for Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany

Institute of Botany Department of Invasion Ecology Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice CZ 252 43 Czech Republic

Instituto de Biología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán Mexico City 04510 Mexico

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 China

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