Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is a complex and highly individualised therapy defined by treatment algorithms and injection schemes describing its target muscles and their dosing. Various consensus guidelines have tried to standardise and to improve BT therapy. We wanted to update and improve consensus guidelines by: (1) Acknowledging recent advances of treatment algorithms. (2) Basing dosing tables on statistical analyses of real-life treatment data of 1831 BT injections in 36 different target muscles in 420 dystonia patients and 1593 BT injections in 31 different target muscles in 240 spasticity patients. (3) Providing more detailed dosing data including typical doses, dose variabilities, and dosing limits. (4) Including total doses and target muscle selections for typical clinical entities thus adapting dosing to different aetiologies and pathophysiologies. (5) In addition, providing a brief and concise review of the clinical entity treated together with general principles of its BT therapy. For this, we collaborated with IAB-Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders which invited an international panel of experts for the support.

Chulalongkorn Centre for Excellence on Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Bangkok Thailand

Clinic 'Cecil Plus' Moscow Russia

Department of Neurology A C O San Filippo Neri Rome Italy

Department of Neurology Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Madrid Spain

Department of Neurology Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research New Delhi India

Department of Neurology Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

Department of Neurology Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Neurology King Faisal Specialist Hospital Riyyad Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Department of Neurology Ljubljana University Ljubljana Slovenia

Department of Neurology Medical University of Sofia Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Neurology Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Neurology Peking Union Medical College Beijing China

Department of Neurology Rostock University Rostock Germany

Department of Neurology Santa Maria University Hospital Terni Italy

Department of Neurology Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea

Department of Neurology Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China

Department of Neurology University de Santiago de Chile Santiago de Chile Chile

Department of Neurology University of Monterrey Monterrey Nueva Leon Mexico

Department of Neurology University of Santo Tomas Manila Philippines

Department of Neurology University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Gailtal Klinik Hermagor Austria

IAB Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders Hamburg Germany

Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine Hanover University of Music Drama and Media Hannover Germany

Movement Disorders Section Department of Neurology Hannover Medical School Carl Neuberg Str 1 30625 Hannover Germany

Scientific Research Institute of Neurology Moscow Russia

University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

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