The aim was to provide benchmarks and investigate contribution of start and turn performances in the European Short-Course Swimming Championship. Over all race distances, 932 individual races of male competitors were video captured and the start and turn performances were analysed. Start and turn performances contributed up to 26% and 56% of the total race time. Analysis of variance showed that the 15 m start times were faster for Freestyle and Butterfly (p < 0.001) compared to the other swimming strokes. In-water starts (Backstroke) were slower at the 5 m mark compare to on-block starts (p < 0.001). Tumble turns were faster than open turns (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis explained 82-97% of total variance in the race results with a decreasing effect of start performance for the longer distance races. Turn performance affected the results across all race distances (p < 0.001). The benchmarks and percentiles provide comparative data for swimmers of different performance levels. Considering the large contribution of start and turn performance to race time and the high effect in the regression model, training regimes that are mainly based on conditioning of free-swimming should be reconsidered.

Department for Competitive Swimming Czech Swimming Federation Praha Czech Republic

Department for Elite Sport Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen Magglingen Switzerland

Department for High Performance Sports Swiss Swimming Federation Berne Switzerland

Department of Social Sciences in Kinanthropology Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

References provided by Crossref.org

Changes in Race Performance During the Underwater Phases of a 200 m Bi-Fins Race Simulation After Application of Respiratory Muscle Training-A Case Study in the Current World Record Holder

Short-course performance variation across all race sections: How 100 and 200 m elite male swimmers progress between rounds

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Turn Fast and Win: The Importance of Acyclic Phases in Top-Elite Female Swimmers