Vacuolar myelinopathy is a fatal neurological disease that was initially discovered during a mysterious mass mortality of bald eagles in Arkansas in the United States. The cause of this wildlife disease has eluded scientists for decades while its occurrence has continued to spread throughout freshwater reservoirs in the southeastern United States. Recent studies have demonstrated that vacuolar myelinopathy is induced by consumption of the epiphytic cyanobacterial species Aetokthonos hydrillicola growing on aquatic vegetation, primarily the invasive Hydrilla verticillata Here, we describe the identification, biosynthetic gene cluster, and biological activity of aetokthonotoxin, a pentabrominated biindole alkaloid that is produced by the cyanobacterium A. hydrillicola We identify this cyanobacterial neurotoxin as the causal agent of vacuolar myelinopathy and discuss environmental factors-especially bromide availability-that promote toxin production.

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Hydrobiology České Budějovice Czech Republic

Centre Algatech Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic

Cyano Biotech GmbH Berlin Germany

Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia Athens GA USA

Department of Population Health Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens GA USA

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

Horticulture Department University of Georgia Athens GA USA

Institute of Chemistry Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Institute of Pharmacy Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie Berlin Germany

Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen Germany

Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling U S Environmental Protection Agency Athens GA USA

Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA USA

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Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Jun;19(6):343. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00553-4. PubMed

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Occurrence of aetokthonotoxin producer in natural samples - A PCR protocol for easy detection

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