The worldwide development of agriculture and industry has resulted in contamination of water bodies by pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other xenobiotics. Even at trace levels of few micrograms per liter in waters, these contaminants induce public health and environmental issues, thus calling for efficient removal methods such as adsorption. Recent adsorption techniques for wastewater treatment involve metal oxide compounds, e.g. Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3 and ZnO-MgO, and carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and carbon/graphene quantum dots. Here, the small size of metal oxides and the presence various functional groups has allowed higher adsorption efficiencies. Moreover, carbon-based adsorbents exhibit unique properties such as high surface area, high porosity, easy functionalization, low price, and high surface reactivity. Here we review the cytotoxic effects of pharmaceutical drugs and pesticides in terms of human risk and ecotoxicology. We also present remediation techniques involving adsorption on metal oxides and carbon-based materials.

Aix Marseille University CNRS IRD INRA Coll France CEREGE 13100 Aix en Provence France

Center for Micro BioRobotics Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale R Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Pisa Italy

Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch Water Infrastructure Division Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response U S Environmental Protection Agency 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati OH 45268 USA; Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacky University Š lechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 PR China; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability Shoolini University Solan 173212 Himachal Pradesh India

Department of Chemistry The University of Lahore Lahore 54590 Pakistan

Faculty of Chemistry University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 95447 Iran

Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering School of Mining Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering University of Johannesburg P O Box 17011 Doornfontein 2028 South Africa

School of Chemistry Damghan University Damghan 36716 41167 Iran

School of Engineering University of British Columbia Kelowna BC V1V 1V7 Canada

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