OBJECTIVES: Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used synthetic compounds on the planet. It is used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and other polymer materials. Owing to its excellent chemical and physical properties, it is used to produce food and beverage containers or the linings for metal products. BPA has been mentioned as a possible cause of feline hyperthyroidism. Cat food is considered one of the main sources of BPA intake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate BPA concentration in various types of commercial cat food available in the Czech Republic. METHODS: In total, 172 samples prepared from 86 different types of commercial cat food were assessed. The concentration of BPA was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Measurable concentration of BPA was found in all samples (range 0.065-131 ng/g), with the highest concentration (mean ± SD) of BPA in canned food (24.6 ± 34.8 ng/g). When comparing BPA concentration in food trays (1.58 ± 0.974 ng/g), pouches (0.591 ± 0.592 ng/g) and dry food (1.18 ± 0.518 ng/g), concentrations of BPA in food trays and dry food were significantly higher (P <0.01) compared with pouches. Comparing BPA concentrations in canned food of different manufacturers, statistically significant differences were found as well. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The highest concentrations of BPA were found in cans. Thus, cans represent the highest possibility of exposure to BPA in comparison with other types of commercial feline food.

Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Ma Y, Liu HH, Wu JX, et al.. The adverse health effects of bisphenol A and related toxicity mechanisms. Environ Res 2019; 176: 108575. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108575. PubMed

Geens T, Aerts D, Berthot C, et al.. A review of dietary and non-dietary exposure to bisphenol-A. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50: 3725–3740. PubMed

Liu X, Miao M, Zhou Z, et al.. Exposure to bisphenol-A and reproductive hormones among male adults. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 39: 934–941. PubMed

Pollack AZ, Mumford SL, Krall JR, et al.. Exposure to bisphenol A, chlorophenols, benzophenones, and parabens in relation to reproductive hormones in healthy women: a chemical mixture approach. Environ Int 2018; 120: 137–144. PubMed PMC

Den Hond E, Tournaye H, De Sutter P, et al.. Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: a case-control study in male subfertility patients. Environ Int 2015; 84: 154–160. PubMed

Vitku J, Sosvorova L, Chlupacova T, et al.. Differences in bisphenol A and estrogen levels in the plasma and seminal plasma of men with different degrees of infertility. Physiol Res 2015; 64: 303–311. PubMed

Tian Y, Zhou X, Miao M, et al.. Association of bisphenol A exposure with LINE-1 hydroxymethylation in human semen. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15: 1770. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081770. PubMed PMC

Junge KM, Leppert B, Jahreis S, et al.. MEST mediates the impact of prenatal bisphenol A exposure on long-term body weight development. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10: 58. DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0478-z. PubMed PMC

Jensen TK, Mustieles V, Bleses D, et al.. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure is associated with language development but not with ADHD-related behavior in toddlers from the Odense Child Cohort. Environ Res 2019; 170: 398–405. PubMed

Hao M, Ding L, Xuan L, et al.. Urinary bisphenol A concentration and the risk of central obesity in Chinese adults: a prospective study. J Diabetes 2018; 10: 442–448. PubMed

Zhang Y, Dong T, Hu W, et al.. Association between exposure to a mixture of phenols, pesticides, and phthalates and obesity: comparison of three statistical models. Environ Int 2019; 123: 325–336. PubMed

Duan Y, Yao Y, Wang B, et al.. Association of urinary concentrations of bisphenols with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Environ Pollut 2018; 243: 1719–1726. PubMed

Song S, Duan Y, Zhang T, et al.. Serum concentrations of bisphenol A and its alternatives in elderly population living around e-waste recycling facilities in China: associations with fasting blood glucose. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 169: 822–828. PubMed

Lee S, Lee HA, Park B, et al.. A prospective cohort study of the association between bisphenol A exposure and the serum levels of liver enzymes in children. Environ Res 2018; 161: 195–201. PubMed

Malits J, Attina TM, Karthikraj R, et al.. Renal function and exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates in children with chronic kidney disease. Environ Res 2018; 167: 575–582. PubMed PMC

Verstraete SG, Wojcicki JM, Perito ER, et al.. Bisphenol A increases risk for presumed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Hispanic adolescents in NHANES 2003–2010. Environ Health 2018; 17: 12. DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0356-3. PubMed PMC

Zhang KS, Chen HQ, Chen YS, et al.. Bisphenol A stimulates human lung cancer cell migration via upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases by GPER/EGFR/ERK1/2 signal pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68: 1037–1043. PubMed

Leung YK, Govindarajah V, Cheong A, et al.. Gestational high-fat diet and bisphenol A exposure heightens mammary cancer risk. Endocr-Relat Cancer 2017; 24: 365–378. PubMed PMC

Tse LA, Ho WM, Wang F, et al.. Environmental risk factors of prostate cancer: a case-control study. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24: S30–S33. PubMed

Edinboro CH, Scott-Moncrieff JC, Janovitz E, et al.. Epidemiologic study of relationships between consumption of commercial canned food and risk of hyperthyroidism in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224: 879–886. PubMed

Kass PH, Peterson ME, Levy J, et al.. Evaluation of environmental, nutritional, and host factors in cats with hyperthyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 1999; 13: 323–329. PubMed

Olczak J, Jones BR, Pfeiffer DU, et al.. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2005; 53: 53–58. PubMed

Wakeling J, Moore K, Elliott J, et al.. Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats with mild chronic kidney disease. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49: 287–294. PubMed

Goodson A, Robin H, Summerfield W, et al.. Migration of bisphenol A from can coatings – effects of damage, storage conditions and heating. Food Addit Contam 2004; 21: 1015–1026. PubMed

Cabado AG, Aldea S, Porro C, et al.. Migration of BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl-ether) and BFDGE (bisphenol F diglycidyl-ether) in canned seafood. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 1674–1680. PubMed

Koestel ZL, Backus RC, Tsuruta K, et al.. Bisphenol A (BPA) in the serum of pet dogs following short-term consumption of canned dog food and potential health consequences of exposure to BPA. Sci Total Environ 2017; 579: 1804–1814. PubMed

Kang JH, Kondo F. Determination of bisphenol A in canned pet foods. Res Vet Sci 2002; 73: 177–182. PubMed

Cao J, Guo LH, Wan B, et al.. In vitro fluorescence displacement investigation of thyroxine transport disruption by bisphenol A. J Environ Sci 2011; 23: 315–321. PubMed

Moriyama K, Tagami T, Akamizu T, et al.. Thyroid hormone action is disrupted by bisphenol A as an antagonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5185–5190. PubMed

da Silva MM, Goncalves CFL, Miranda-Alves L, et al.. Inhibition of Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase by bisphenol A. Hormone Metab Res 2019; 51: 671–677. PubMed

da Silva MM, Xavier LLF, Goncalves CFL, et al.. Bisphenol A increases hydrogen peroxide generation by thyrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Endocr Connect 2018; 7: 1196–1207. PubMed PMC

Vitku J, Chlupacova T, Sosvorova L, et al.. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for quantification of bisphenol A and estrogens in human plasma and seminal fluid. Talanta 2015; 140: 62–67. PubMed

Kovarikova S, Marsalek P, Habanova M, et al.. Serum concentration of bisphenol A in elderly cats and its association with clinicopathological findings. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23: 105–114. PubMed PMC

Goodson A, Summerfield W, Cooper I. Survey of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in canned foods. Food Addit Contam 2002; 19: 796–802. PubMed

Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Valh JV, Gombac M, et al.. Analysis and testing of bisphenol A, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and their derivatives in canned dog foods. Eur Food Res Technol 2018; 244: 43–56.

Schecter A, Malik N, Haffner D, et al.. Bisphenol A (BPA) in U.S. food. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44: 9425–9430. PubMed

González N, Cunha SC, Ferreira R, et al.. Concentrations of nine bisphenol analogues in food purchased from Catalonia (Spain): comparison of canned and non-canned foodstuffs. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136: 110992. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110992. PubMed

Xiao Z, Wang R, Suo D, et al.. Trace analysis of bisphenol A and its analogues in eggs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 327: 126882. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126882. PubMed

Chen WY, Shen YP, Chen SC. Assessing bisphenol A (BPA) exposure risk from long-term dietary intakes in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 2016; 543: 140–146. PubMed

Wong YM, Li R, Lee CKF, et al.. The measurement of bisphenol A and its analogues, perfluorinated compounds in twenty species of freshwater and marine fishes, a time-trend comparison and human health based assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 124: 743–752. PubMed

Stojanovic B, Radovic L, Natic D, et al.. Influence of a storage conditions on migration of bisphenol A from epoxy-phenolic coating to canned meat products. J Serb Chem Soc 2019; 84: 377–389.

Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K. Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: water hardness as the most relevant factor. Eur Food Res Technol 2009; 228: 679–684.

Grumetto L, Montesano D, Seccia S, et al.. Determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B residues in canned peeled tomatoes by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56: 10633–10637. PubMed

Ackerman LK, Noonan GO, Heiserman WM, et al.. Determination of bisphenol A in US infant formulas: updated methods and concentrations. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58: 2307–2313. PubMed

El Moussawi SN, Karam R, Cladiere M, et al.. Effect of sterilisation and storage conditions on the migration of bisphenol A from tinplate cans of the Lebanese market. Food Addit Contam 2018; 35: 377–386. PubMed

Munguia-Lopez EM, Gerardo-Lugo S, Peralta E, et al.. Migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from can coatings into a fatty-food simulant and tuna fish. Food Addit Contam 2005; 22: 892–898. PubMed

Al Ghoul L, Abiad MG, Jammoul A, et al.. Zinc, aluminium, tin and Bis-phenol A in canned tuna fish commercialized in Lebanon and its human health risk assessment. Heliyon 2020; 6: e04995. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04995. PubMed PMC

Repossi A, Farabegoli F, Gazzotti T, et al.. Bisphenol A in edible part of seafood. Ital J Food Saf 2016; 5: 98–105. PubMed PMC

Russo G, Barbato F, Mita DG, et al.. Occurrence of bisphenol A and its analogues in some foodstuff marketed in Europe. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131: 110575. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110575. PubMed

European Food Safety Agency. No consumer health risk from bisphenol A exposure. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/150121 (2015, accessed 17 November 2020).

Carwile JL, Ye X, Zhou X, et al.. Canned soup consumption and urinary bisphenol A: a randomized crossover trial. JAMA 2011; 306: 2218–2220. PubMed PMC

Covaci A, Den Hond E, Geens T, et al.. Urinary BPA measurements in children and mothers from six European member states: overall results and determinants of exposure. Environ Res 2015; 141: 77–85. PubMed

Hartle JC, Navas-Acien A, Lawrence RS. The consumption of canned food and beverages and urinary bisphenol A concentrations in NHANES 2003–2008. Environ Res 2016; 150: 375–382. PubMed PMC

Lorber M, Schecter A, Paepke O, et al.. Exposure assessment of adult intake of bisphenol A (BPA) with emphasis on canned food dietary exposures. Environ Int 2015; 77: 55–62. PubMed PMC

Sieli PT, Jašarevic E, Warzak DA, et al.. Comparison of serum bisphenol A concentrations in mice exposed to bisphenol A through the diet versus oral bolus exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119: 1260–1265. PubMed PMC

Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, et al.. Similarity of bisphenol A pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys and mice: relevance for human exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119: 422–430. PubMed PMC

Kabakci R, Macun HC, Polat IM, et al.. Inhibitory effect of bisphenol A on in vitro feline uterine contractions. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 205: 27–33. PubMed

Xu GW, Hu F, Wang X, et al.. Bisphenol A exposure perturbs visual function of adult cats by remodeling the neuronal activity in the primary visual pathway. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92: 455–468. PubMed

Brandsma SH, Sellström U, de Wit CA, et al.. Dust measurement of two organophosphorus flame retardants, resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP), used as alternatives for BDE-209. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47: 14434–14441. PubMed

Liu M, Jia S, Dong T, et al.. The occurrence of bisphenol plasticizers in paired dust and urine samples and its association with oxidative stress. Chemosphere 2019; 216: 472–478. PubMed

Gayrard V, Lacroix MZ, Collet SH, et al.. High bioavailability of bisphenol A from sublingual exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121: 951–956. PubMed PMC